Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the basic movements of the skeletal and muscular anatomies?
Skeletal anatomy, Muscular anatomy, Anatomical references, Muscular actions
These are the foundational topics covered in the first half of the semester.
What is the anatomical position?
Where all movements start from, all joints are considered in a neutral position – 0 degrees, where no movement has occurred
This position serves as a reference for describing anatomical locations.
Define ‘superior’ in anatomical terms.
Above or higher than another structure
Example: Humerus is superior to the ulna.
Define ‘inferior’ in anatomical terms.
Below or lower than another structure
Example: The ulna is inferior to the humerus.
What does ‘lateral’ refer to in anatomical locations?
Farther from the midline of the body
This term is used to describe the position of structures relative to the body’s midline.
What does ‘medial’ mean?
Closer to the midline
This term helps locate structures in relation to the center of the body.
What is the definition of ‘anterior’?
Front of another structure
This term is used to describe the position of structures in front of others.
What does ‘posterior’ mean?
Behind another structure
This term indicates a position at the back of another structure.
Define ‘proximal’.
Closer to the trunk
This term is usually used in reference to arms and legs.
What is the meaning of ‘distal’?
Farther from the trunk
This term is typically used concerning the limbs.
What does ‘dorsal’ refer to?
Top side or the posterior of the body
This term is often used to describe the back of the body.
What does ‘volar’ mean?
Down side or bottom aspect of a structure
Examples include palmar (volar of the wrist/hand) and plantar (volar of the foot).
What is ‘pronation’?
Turning the forearm toward the body
Example: Dribbling a basketball.
Define ‘plantar flexion’.
Foot downward
Example: Jumping in a jumpshot, ballet.
What does ‘inversion’ refer to?
Inward movement of the foot
This term describes a movement towards the midline.
What is ‘supination’?
Reverse of pronation; forearm outward and palm upward
This movement is associated with the spine.
Define ‘dorsiflexion’.
Foot upward
This term is used to describe the action of lifting the foot.
What is ‘eversion’?
Foot away from the other foot
This term indicates movement away from the midline.
What are the three planes of human movement?
- Sagittal plane
- Horizontal plane
- Frontal plane
Each plane corresponds to specific types of movements.
What is the sagittal plane?
Anterior-posterior plane dividing the body into left and right sides
Movements in this plane include flexion and extension.
Define the horizontal plane.
Transverse plane that creates a top and bottom
This plane is crucial for rotational movements.
What is the frontal plane?
Lateral plane that divides the body into front and back
Movements such as abduction and adduction occur in this plane.
What is flexion?
Decreasing the angle between two bones at the joint
This movement occurs in the sagittal plane.
What does extension mean?
Increasing the angle between two bones at the joint
This movement also occurs in the sagittal plane.
What is hyperextension?
Movement past the anatomical position
This term refers to excessive extension.
Define ‘adduction’.
Movement towards the midline
This movement is performed in the frontal plane.
What is ‘abduction’?
Movement away from the midline
This term is also associated with movements in the frontal plane.
What does ‘rotation’ refer to?
Movement in the horizontal plane, including external (lateral) and internal (medial) rotation
This type of movement is crucial for many athletic actions.
What is circumduction?
Movement in joints that can create movement in 2 or 3 planes
This is a complex movement often seen in ball-and-socket joints.
