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sport anatomy > skeletal system > Flashcards

skeletal system Flashcards

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Sports Trivia flashcards
1
Q

what is the skeletal system?

A

the skeleton is a framework for the body and provides protection, site for muscle attachment and is responsible for blood cell production

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2
Q

what is a joint?

A

a joint is a place where two bones meet

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3
Q

what is cartilage?

A

prevents bone rubbing

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4
Q

what is synovial fluid?

A

lubricates joint allowing parts to move freely

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5
Q

what are ligaments?

A

these are tough,elastic fibres bone to bone

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6
Q

what is bursa?

A

a closed, fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones

Function : to reduce friction between tendons

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7
Q

what is a joint capsule?

A

a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane

Function : is to enclose and strengthen the joint secreting synovial fluid

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8
Q

what are the 5 classification of joints?

A
  1. ball + socket
  2. hinge
  3. pivot
  4. condyloid
  5. gliding
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9
Q

what is the ball and socket joint?

A

allow movements all directions (hip)

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10
Q

what is the hinge joint?

A

forward and back (knee+ elbow)

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11
Q

what is a pivot joint?

A

rotation only (shoulder,atlas+axil)

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12
Q

what is a condyloid joint?

A

small movement all direction (wrist)

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13
Q

what is a gliding joint?

A

surface between two flat bones held together by ligaments (spine) allow flexibility hand,neck

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14
Q

what is an agonist muscle?

A

the contracting muscle responsible for causing movement

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15
Q

what is antagonist muscle?

A

relaxing + lengthening muscle which allows the movement

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16
Q

what is the fixator?

A

a muscle that stabilises one part of a body while the other moves

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17
Q

what is an example of fixator ?

A

flexion at knee - bicep femoris (agonist) and rectus femoris (antagonist)

fixator - gluteus maximus

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18
Q

what are the two types of muscle contraction?

A
  1. isometric
  2. isotonic
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19
Q

what are the two subgroups in isotonic contraction?

A

a. concentric (shortening)
b. eccentric (lengthening)

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20
Q

what is isometric contraction?

A

these muscles do not create movement eg a scrum in rugby

21
Q

what is isotonic contraction?

A

a muscle contraction which changes the length of the muscle

22
Q

what is the saggital plane?

A

divides the body into left and right e.g flexion and extension of elbow

sport - bicep curl

23
Q

what is the frontal plane?

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior

e.g cartwheel

24
Q

what is the transverse plane?

A

it is the horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves

e.g full twist

25
Q

what are the 3 muscle fibre types?

A
  1. Type 1 (slow oxidative)
  2. Type 2a (fast oxidative glycolytic)
  3. Type 2b (fast glycolytic)
26
Q

what is Type 1 muscle fibre type?

A

SO muscle fibres are designed to store oxygen in myoglobin and process it in the mitochondria allowing aerobic work to take place

27
Q

what is Type 2a and Type 2b muscle fibre?

A

FG and FOG muscle fibres are designed to work under aerobic intensities with large stores of phosphocreatine used for rapid energy production

28
Q

what is the motor unit?

A

muscle contractions occur when an electrical impulse travels down from the spinal cord, along motor neurons to the muscle fibres

29
Q

what is the process of the motor unit?

A
  1. the electrical impulse is formed in the medulla oblongata
  2. it travels down the spinal cord in a tube called the axon
  3. the electrical impulse is sent to the motor end plate. However, the nerve impulse travelling to the muscle fibre is an electrochemical process which requires action potential
  4. electrical impulse now gets into neurotransmitter called acetylcholine
  5. the neurotransmitter is secreted across the synaptic cleft to fire off the muscle fibre
30
Q

what is the pulmonary circulation?

A

flow of deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart

31
Q

what is the systematic circulation?

A

movement of oxygenated blood from the heart through the rest or the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart

32
Q

what is the conduction system?

A

a group of specialised cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to the heart muscle causing it to contract

33
Q

what is the 5 steps of an electrical impulse?

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. bundle of his
  4. bundle of branches
  5. purkinjie fibres
34
Q

what is diastole in the cardiac cycle?

A

the heart filling with blood (relaxing)

35
Q

what is systole in cardiac cycle?

A

the heart emptying (contracting) average blood pressure 120/80

36
Q

what are the 4 stages to each heart beat?

A
  1. atrial diastole - atriums filling up
  2. ventricular diastole - ventricles filling up
  3. atrial systole - atriums contracting
  4. ventricular systole - ventricles contracting
37
Q

what is venous return mechanism?

A

the return of the blood from the heart, through the venules and veins back to the right atrium, largely against gravity

38
Q

what maintains venous return at rest?

A

blood pressure and the structure of the veins

39
Q

what happens to venous return during exercise?

A

a greater demand of oxygenated blood requires a greater venous return to increase stroke volume and therefore cardiac output (starling’s law)

40
Q

which additional mechanisms help maximise venous return during exercise?

A
  • pocket valves
  • smooth muscle
  • gravity
  • muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
41
Q

what are pocket valves?

A

one way valves located in the veins which prevent backflow of blood

42
Q

what is smooth muscle?

A

the layer of smooth muscle in the vein wall venoconstriction and/or venodilates to change the degree of venomotor tone which aids the movement of blood

43
Q

gravity

A

blood from the upper body, above the heart, is helped to return by gravity

44
Q

muscle pump

A

during exercise, skeletal muscles contract compressing the veins located between them, squeezing blood back to the heart

45
Q

respiratory pump

A

during inspiration and expiration, a pressure difference between the thoracic and abdominal cavity is created, squeezing the blood back to the heart. as exercise increases respiratory rate, the respiratory pump is maximised

46
Q

what can insufficient pressure to return the blood back to the heart after exercise cause?

A

dizziness, lightheadedness, and blood pooling

47
Q

what is blood pooling?

A

blood accumulating in the veins due to lack of venous return

48
Q

how do we maintain venous return during recovery?

A

do an active cooldown

49
Q

what is active recovery?

A

sport anatomy (1 decks)

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