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BIOL131 - Bones and Bone Structure > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeletal system composed of?

A

Contains bones, ligaments, cartilage, and other tissues that connection bones

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2
Q

What is the skeletal system divided into?

A

1) Axial skeleton:

  • forms long axis (80 bones)

2) Appendicular skeleton:

  • bones of the limbs and girdles (126 bones)
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3
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system? (6)

A

1) Support
2) Storage of minerals and lipids: Ca++ salts and PO4 ions
3) Blood cell production: RBCs and WBCs are produced in red marrow
4) Protection: of soft organs; e.g. ribs protect the heart and lungs, skull protects the brain
5) Leverage: change in magnitude and force is generated by muscles to provide movement
6. Storage of fat (energy) in yellow bone marrow

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4
Q

Classification of bone according to 6 shapes

A

a) long bones - humerus, clavicle, arms, legs, phalanges, metacarpals, metatarsals
b) flat bones - have no marrow cavity
c) sutural bones - has sutures and sutural bones
d) irregular bones - ex. pelvic bones
e) short bones - carpal and tarsals bones
f) sesamoid bones - sesame seed shaped, found near tendons, located near joints at knees, hands and feet

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5
Q

Why are tendons and ligaments avascular?

A

Would be very susceptible to rupturing (blood vessels)

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6
Q

What are the two layers of bones?

A

1) Compact / dense bone - thin layer (cortical bone surrounds spongy bone of epiphysis; also found along diaphysis surrounding medullary cavity

2) Spongy / cancellous / trabecular bone

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7
Q

What is the percent composition of bone?

A

Compact bone 80%
Spongy bone 20%

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8
Q

What is the structure of cranium?

A

Elevations, depressions, grooves, tunnels

Why? To bring in nutrients and for tendons to attach

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9
Q

Why do we have spongy bone?

A
  • Makes bones lighter
  • Reduces amount of muscles required to move bones
  • Provides space for red and yellow marrow
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10
Q

What bones make up the skull?

A

Cranium (8) and facial (14) bones

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11
Q

What bones make up the bones of pectoral girdle?

A

Scapula and clavicle (2)

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12
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system (6)?

A
  1. Support
  2. Storage of minerals and lipids: Ca++ salts and PO4 ions
  3. Blood cell production: RBCs and WBCs (White blood cells) are produced in red marrow
  4. Protection: of soft organs; e.g ribs protect the heart and lungs, skull protects brain
  5. Leverage: change in magnitude and force is generated by muscles to provide movement
  6. Storage of fat (energy): in yellow bone marrow
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13
Q

What bones make up the bony thorax?

A

Ribs (24) and sternum

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14
Q

What bone makes up the forearm?

A

Humerus

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15
Q

What bones surrounds the spine?

A

Vertebral columns (26)

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16
Q

What is the knee bone?

A

Patella

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17
Q

What is the thigh bone?

A

Femur

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18
Q

What bones make up the upper extremity?

A

Upper limb;
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals (wrist)
Metacarpals (hand)
Phalanges (fingers and thumb)

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19
Q

What bones make up the lower extremity?

A

hip, pelvis, femur, tibia , fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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20
Q

What is the fibula?

A

Small bone next to the tibia (leg bone)

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21
Q

What is the scapula?

A

Shoulderblades

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22
Q

How many bones are in the the carpals?

A

8 bones

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23
Q

How many bones are in the tarsals?

A

7 bones

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24
Q

What is the structure of bone?

A

Epiphysis - above growth plate
Metaphysis - below the growth plate until the medullary cavity
Diaphysis (shaft)
Metaphysis - above the growth plate
Epiphysis - below the growth plate

epiphysis = outermost later of bone (at the ends)
metaphysis = between the epiphysis and the medullary cavity

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25
Q

What is the structure of short, irregular, and flat bones? p. 10

A

Periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone (middle), compact bone

26
Q

Why do we have spongy bone?

A
  • Makes bones lighter
  • provides space for red and yellow
  • reduces amount of muscle required to move bone
27
Q

What is the gross structure of long bones? p.11

A

proximal epiphysis: articular cartilage (outer layer of bone) , spongy bone (contains red marrow), red marrow, epiphyseal line

metaphysis: section below epiphyseal line (growth plate) until the medullary cavity

diaphysis: medullary cavity (shaft), compact bone on the outside, hollow inside cavity lined by endosteum, nutrient artery, yellow bone marrow in adults, periosteum membrane covering outer surface of bone

metaphysis: section above the epiphyseal line
distal epiphysis: articular cartilage, spongy bone,

28
Q

Where is the location of the proximal and distal epiphysis relative to each other?

A

Proximal epiphysis: The end closest to the center of the body.
Distal epiphysis: The end away from the center of the body

29
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Outermost membrane covering all bones: consists of 2 layers
Irregular connective tissue
outer layer: fibrous layer
inner layer: cambium layer

30
Q

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

A

Osteon

31
Q

What is the structure of an osteon? pg. 12

A

Endosteum (inner lining), concentric lamellae, central canal

32
Q

Why are collagen fibres specially arranged in osteons?

A

Reinforced bone, directs force to maintain integrity

strategically designed to withstand force of the body

33
Q

What is the components of the matrix of bone?

A

Mineral component - crystals of hydroxyapatite: Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

  • plus Na, Mg, and F
  • mineral crystals are hard and brittle = 55%
  • 1/3 weight of bone = collagen = 30%
  • collagen is stronger than steel and flexible
34
Q

What is the organic component of bone?

A

cells (2%) and osteoid = 90% protein (collagen) and 10% sugar compound

35
Q

What do the following suffixes refer to?

-blast
-cyte

A

blast (ex. osteoblast) = immature cell
cyte (ex. osteocyte) = mature cell

36
Q

What does the trabeculae of spongy bone consist of?

A

Canaliculi opening on surface, endosteum, lamellae

37
Q

What is the purpose of the orientation of trabeculae?

A

Withstands/ resists force from many directions

38
Q

What happens to normal bones when you remove the organic matrix?

A

bone without its organic matrix (collagen) is brittle and shatters easily

39
Q

What happens to normal bones when you remove the inorganic matrix?

A

bone without its inorganic matrix (minerals) cannot resist compression

how can you remove this?
vinegar dissolves calcium phosphate

39
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

origin; location; function

A

also known as Osteogenic cells; arise from mesenchymal stem cells = multipotent stromal connective tissue cells

location: periosteum (membranes that wrap around bone) , endosteum (bone marrow lining)

function: divide to produce osteoblasts important in maintenance and repairing fractures

39
Q

What can mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into? (8)

A

Cartilage: chondrocytes
Bone: osteocytes
Muscles: myocytes
Skin: fibroblasts
Central Nervous System: astrocytes
Marrow: Stromal cells
Fat: adipocytes
Tendon and ligament: fibroblasts

40
Q

What are mesenchymal stem cells?

A

Produces cells that differentiate into many different lineages

41
Q

What is store in yellow marrow? What is produced in red marrow?

A

yellow: adipocytes
red: red blood cells, white blood cells

42
Q

What are osteocytes?

functions; locations

A

Mature bone cells

located in lacuna of bone = mechanosensors

1) Secrete osteoid; control mineral deposition
- builds bone when stressed (e.g. bearing weight)

2) Secrete acid phosphatase:
-dissolves bone to repair microfractures

Functions:
a) bone turnover: maintains protein and mineral content regulate bone density by releasing chemicals that inhibit osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblast activity

b) bone repair: if exposed by a break, osteocytes are thought to release chemicals that stimulate bone formation by stimulating osteoblasts

43
Q

What are osteoblasts?

functions; locations

A

Immature bone cells located in the periosteum
= bone builders
-secrete the organic component of matrix (osteoid)
=90% collagen + sugar compounds (chondroitin sulfate + osteocalcin protein)

-increases Ca3(PO4)2 levels to ossify matrix

44
Q

What are osteoclasts?

functions ; locations

A

Howship’s lacunae found throughout surfaces of the bone

function: bone resorption and homeostasis of minerals in bodily fluid

dissolves/crushes bone for resorption

=secrete acids and proteolytic enzymes -> osteolysis

45
Q

What is osteogenesis?

A

Bone formation, a life long process

In embryo: 1) endochrondral ossification (within cartilage) and 2) intramembranous ossification

cartilage -> bone

Childhood: interstitial growth (growth in bone length) and appositional growth (growth in bone width)

adulthood: bone remodeling

46
Q

What is the embryonic skeleton?

A

Skeleton formed by week 8 in a baby; formed from hyaline cartilage and will be replaced by bone

47
Q

Calcified vs Uncalcified

A

Bone = calcified
Cartilage = uncalcified

48
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Bones formed this way: osteoblasts replace chondrocytes (which have died)

nature of the original support structure: hyaline cartilage model

49
Q

What is intramembranous ossification ?

A
  1. Mesenchyme cells cluster and differentiate first into osteogenic cells and then osteoblasts

osteoblasts secrete osteoid (90% collagen, 10% sugar compound), which becomes mineralized as osteoblasts take minerals from the blood and deposit them

  1. Calcification: Ca++ and other mineral salts are deposited and extracellular matrix calcifies

Bone expands as bony spicules that grow together, trapping blood vessels within the bone. Spicules form trabeculae to form spongy bone

Some spongey bone is remodeled to produce compact bone at outside edges

Connective tissue around outside forms the fibrous layer of the periosteum

  1. Formation of trabeculae: extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae that fuse to form spongey bone
  2. Development of the periosteum: mesenchyme at the periphery of the bone develops into the periosteum

**

bones formed this way: dermal bones (flat bones of the skull, mandible (lower jaw), and clavicle)

nature of origin support structure: spicules (small struts of developing bone that trap osteoblasts in place)

50
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells aggregate, differentiate, and begin the ossification process. Bone expands as a series of spicules that spread into surrounding tissues
  2. As t he spicules interconnect, they trap blood vessels within the bone
  3. Over time, the bone assumes the structure of spongy bone. Areas of spongy bone may later be removed, creating marrow cavities. Through remodeling, spongy bone formed in this way can be converted to compact bone
51
Q

What is calcification?

A

Calcification is the formation of calcium salts and crystals within the tissue

52
Q

Are calcification and ossification the same?

A

No; Calcification is a step within ossification but not vice versa

53
Q

What is ossification?

A

The laying down of new bone material (including osteocytes and calcium salts + osteoid)

54
Q

What does the periosteum consist of?

layers

A

Cellular - inner layer; fibroblasts, osteoprogenitors, osteoblasts

Fibrous - outer layer; dense irregular CT fibroblasts, and collagen that extend from periosteum into bone = sharpeys fibres

55
Q

Function of periosteum?

A

1, Provides isolation of bone from surrounding tissue
2. provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply
3. participates in bone growth and repair
4. participates in bone growth and ligaments

56
Q

Functions of endosteum?

A
  1. Bone growth
  2. Repair
  3. Remodeling
57
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Incomplete cellular layer

cell types:
1. osteoprogenitor cells
2. osteoblasts
3. osteoclasts

58
Q

What is the purpose of the periosteum?

A

Wraps the diaphysis; is a connective tissue

contains a rich nervous and blood and lymphatic supply, houses many osteocytes and provides a means for tendons and ligament attachment

the compact bone receives this rich blood supply through the haversian system (i.e osteon)

59
Q

What is the bone composed of?

A

trabeculae of spongy bone, central canal, perforating canal, artery, arteriole, vein, nerves, perforating fibres, circumferential lamellae, osteons, venule, capillary, periosteum, endosteum, concentric lamella, interstitial lamellae, collagen fibres

BIOL131 - Bones and Bone Structure (2 decks)

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