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A&p 1 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal System Functions

A

Support, protection, leverage, mineral storage, blood cell production

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2
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Consists of skull, hyoid, sternum, rib cage, vertebral column, sacrum, and coccyx

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3
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Includes bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles

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4
Q

Flat Bones

A

Thin, parallel surfaces; form roof of skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae

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5
Q

Sutural Bones

A

Small, irregularly shaped bones between flat bones of the skull

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6
Q

Long Bones

A

Relatively long and slender; located in arm, forearm, thigh, lower leg, palms, soles, fingers, and toes

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7
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces

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8
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Small, flat bones shaped like sesame seeds; develop inside tendons near joints

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9
Q

Short Bones

A

Small and boxy; examples include wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals) bones

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10
Q

Diaphysis

A

Long tubular shaft of a long bone; primarily made of compact bone

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11
Q

Epiphyses

A

Ends of bones composed primarily of spongy bone with red bone marrow filling the spaces

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12
Q

Metaphysis

A

Narrow zone connecting diaphysis to epiphyses; contains the growth plate

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13
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Cavity within the shaft of a long bone where bone marrow is located

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14
Q

Periosteum

A

Outermost covering of bone made primarily of dense irregular tissue

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15
Q

Nutrient Foramen

A

Tunnel penetrating the diaphysis to provide access for blood vessels into the bone

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16
Q

Nutrient Artery

A

Transports oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the bone

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17
Q

Nutrient Vein

A

Transports deoxygenated, waste-laden blood from the bone

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18
Q

Metaphyseal Artery

A

Carries blood to and from the area of the metaphysis and to the epiphysis

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19
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Covers portions of the epiphysis that articulate with other bones; avascular, hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow, slit-like opening or elongated cleft in a bone

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21
Q

Foramen

A

Round or oval opening through a bone

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22
Q

Canal or Meatus

A

Large passageway through a bone

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23
Q

Sulcus or Groove

A

Furrow or narrow trough in a bone

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24
Q

Sinus

A

Chamber within a bone filled with air and lined with a mucous membrane

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25
Tuberosity
Large, round or rough projection that may cover a broad area
26
Crest
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
27
Osteon
Basic structural and functional unit of bone consisting of bone cells organized around a central canal
28
Central Canal
Also known as the Haversian canal; runs parallel to the axis of bone and is located in the middle of each osteon
29
Perforating Canals
Passageways that extend perpendicular to the axis of the bone and connect the central canals of adjacent osteons
30
Lamellae
Nested, concentric rings of matrix surrounding the central canal
31
Circumferential Lamellae
Specialized lamellae found at the outer and inner surfaces of bone, covered by periosteum and endosteum
32
Lacunae
Open spaces trapping mature bone cells (osteocytes) within the bone matrix; each lacuna contains only one osteocyte
33
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells maintaining protein and mineral content of surrounding matrix; secrete chemicals to dissolve adjacent matrix and participate in bone repair.
34
Canaliculi
Narrow crevices penetrating the lamellae, connecting the lacunae to the central canal; processes of osteocytes extend into canaliculi.
35
Osteoblasts
Immature bone cells on bone surface; produce new bone matrix in osteogenesis; develop from osteoprogenitor cells and release organic components.
36
Osteoprogenitor cells
Mesenchymal stem cells within periosteum and endosteum; divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts, important in osteocyte formation.
37
Osteoclasts
Giant bone-digesting cells removing and recycling bone matrix; derived from stem cells producing phagocytic white blood cells, important in bone remodeling.
38
Organic Osteoid
Contributes roughly 1/3 of bone weight; consists of collagen fibers that are strong, flexible, and contribute to the bone's resistance to bending.
39
Inorganic Hydroxyapatites
Constitute almost 2/3 of bone weight; mineral salts, primarily calcium phosphate, interacting with other calcium salts and ions to form strong, flexible crystals
40
Endochondral Ossification
Formation of most bones using a hyaline cartilage model; involves cavitation of hyaline shaft, invasion of internal cavities, formation of medullary cavity, and formation of epiphyses.
41
Intramembranous Ossification
Formation of bones without a cartilage model; involves formation of bone matrix within fibrous membrane, formation of woven bone and periosteum, and formation of compact bone plate.
42
Longitudinal Growth
Process involving the formation of tall columns at the epiphyseal plate by hyaline cartilage cells, leading to lengthening of long bones; eventually replaced by bone, stopping growth in height.
43
Appositional Growth
Process involving differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into osteoblasts beneath the periosteum, forming new osteons on the external bone surface, contributing to bone width.
44
Appositional growth
Increase in bone diameter through the addition of bone to the outer surface
45
Medullary cavity
Cavity within the bone that enlarges as the bone diameter increases
46
Fractures
Repair of cracked or broken bones
47
Hematoma formation
Formation of a large blood clot in the initial stage of bone fracture repair
48
Fibrocartilage callus formation
Process involving capillary growth, invasion by phagocytic cells, and migration of fibroblasts and osteoblasts to the fracture site
49
Bony callus formation
Process where fibrocartilaginous callus material calcifies into a bony callus
50
Fracture classification
Categorization based on skin penetration, orientation of the break, and position of bone ends after the fracture
51
Calcium and Vitamin D
Essential nutrients for bone health, obtained from diet and critical for calcium absorption
52
Vitamin K
Supports bone mineralization and may have a synergistic role with vitamin D in bone growth regulation
53
Growth Hormone
Synthesized in the pituitary, controls bone growth, triggers chondrocyte proliferation, increases calcium retention, and stimulates osteoblastic activity
54
Thyroxine
Secreted by the thyroid gland, promotes osteoblastic activity and bone synthesis
55
Sex Hormones
Estrogen and Testosterone promote osteoblastic activity, bone matrix production, and are responsible for the growth spurt during adolescence
56
Calcitriol
Active form of vitamin D, stimulates calcium and phosphate absorption from the digestive tract
57
Calcium Homeostasis
Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, involving bone deposition, resorption, and hormonal control
58
Remodeling
Constant process of bone deposition and resorption regulated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts
59
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Secreted when blood calcium levels are too low, enhances calcium absorption and reabsorption
60
Calcitonin
Secreted when blood calcium levels are too high, inhibits osteoclasts and calcium absorption
61
pituitary growth failure
(dwarfism) results from inadequate production of growth hormone which leads to reduced epiphyseal cartilage activity and abnormally short bones, can be treated with synthetic growth hormone
62
comminuted fracture
bone fragments into many pieces
63
compression fracture
bone is crushed from upward and downward forces
64
depressed fracture
broken bone is pressed inward (skull)
65
spiral fracture
raged break as a result of excessive twisting of the bone
66
epiphyseal fracture
break occurring along the epiphyseal plate
67
greenstick fracture
bone breaks incompletely
68
colle's
distal part of the radius breaks
69
pott's
malleolus of tibia and fibula break
70
Achondroplasia
results from abnormal hyaline cartilage development. Because hyaline cartilage forms the model for long bone formation, the individual will have short, stocky limbs but the torso and head are of normal size
71
Marfan syndrome
very tall with long, slender limbs due to excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal plates. Other defects in the structure of connective tissues commonly cause life-threatening cardiovascular problems
72
gigantism
results from an overproduction of growth hormone before puberty. Puberty is often delayed. The most common cause is a pituitary tumor which may be treated by surgery, radiation, or drugs that suppress the release of growth hormone
73
acromegaly
result from too much growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates close so that the bones do not grow longer but instead get thicker (especially the bones of the face, hands, and jaw). This leads to changes in their physical appearance.
74
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
a rare gene mutation that causes the deposition of bone around skeletal muscles and the normally soft tissues of the body. There is no effective treatment for this painful and debilitating condition, and patients seldom survive into their 40’s.
75
paget's disease
overactive osteoclasts cause pores and weakening of the long bones leading to bending/bowing. Osteoblasts try to compensate for the overactive osteoclasts, but the bone laid down is weak and brittle and prone to fractures.

A&p 1 (1 decks)

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