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A&p 1 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal System Functions

A

Support, protection, leverage, mineral storage, blood cell production

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2
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Consists of skull, hyoid, sternum, rib cage, vertebral column, sacrum, and coccyx

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3
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Includes bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles

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4
Q

Flat Bones

A

Thin, parallel surfaces; form roof of skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae

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5
Q

Sutural Bones

A

Small, irregularly shaped bones between flat bones of the skull

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6
Q

Long Bones

A

Relatively long and slender; located in arm, forearm, thigh, lower leg, palms, soles, fingers, and toes

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7
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces

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8
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Small, flat bones shaped like sesame seeds; develop inside tendons near joints

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9
Q

Short Bones

A

Small and boxy; examples include wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals) bones

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10
Q

Diaphysis

A

Long tubular shaft of a long bone; primarily made of compact bone

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11
Q

Epiphyses

A

Ends of bones composed primarily of spongy bone with red bone marrow filling the spaces

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12
Q

Metaphysis

A

Narrow zone connecting diaphysis to epiphyses; contains the growth plate

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13
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Cavity within the shaft of a long bone where bone marrow is located

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14
Q

Periosteum

A

Outermost covering of bone made primarily of dense irregular tissue

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15
Q

Nutrient Foramen

A

Tunnel penetrating the diaphysis to provide access for blood vessels into the bone

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16
Q

Nutrient Artery

A

Transports oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the bone

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17
Q

Nutrient Vein

A

Transports deoxygenated, waste-laden blood from the bone

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18
Q

Metaphyseal Artery

A

Carries blood to and from the area of the metaphysis and to the epiphysis

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19
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Covers portions of the epiphysis that articulate with other bones; avascular, hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow, slit-like opening or elongated cleft in a bone

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21
Q

Foramen

A

Round or oval opening through a bone

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22
Q

Canal or Meatus

A

Large passageway through a bone

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23
Q

Sulcus or Groove

A

Furrow or narrow trough in a bone

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24
Q

Sinus

A

Chamber within a bone filled with air and lined with a mucous membrane

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25
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large, round or rough projection that may cover a broad area

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26
Q

Crest

A

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

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27
Q

Osteon

A

Basic structural and functional unit of bone consisting of bone cells organized around a central canal

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28
Q

Central Canal

A

Also known as the Haversian canal; runs parallel to the axis of bone and is located in the middle of each osteon

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29
Q

Perforating Canals

A

Passageways that extend perpendicular to the axis of the bone and connect the central canals of adjacent osteons

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30
Q

Lamellae

A

Nested, concentric rings of matrix surrounding the central canal

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31
Q

Circumferential Lamellae

A

Specialized lamellae found at the outer and inner surfaces of bone, covered by periosteum and endosteum

32
Q

Lacunae

A

Open spaces trapping mature bone cells (osteocytes) within the bone matrix; each lacuna contains only one osteocyte

33
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells maintaining protein and mineral content of surrounding matrix; secrete chemicals to dissolve adjacent matrix and participate in bone repair.

34
Q

Canaliculi

A

Narrow crevices penetrating the lamellae, connecting the lacunae to the central canal; processes of osteocytes extend into canaliculi.

35
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Immature bone cells on bone surface; produce new bone matrix in osteogenesis; develop from osteoprogenitor cells and release organic components.

36
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Mesenchymal stem cells within periosteum and endosteum; divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts, important in osteocyte formation.

37
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Giant bone-digesting cells removing and recycling bone matrix; derived from stem cells producing phagocytic white blood cells, important in bone remodeling.

38
Q

Organic Osteoid

A

Contributes roughly 1/3 of bone weight; consists of collagen fibers that are strong, flexible, and contribute to the bone’s resistance to bending.

39
Q

Inorganic Hydroxyapatites

A

Constitute almost 2/3 of bone weight; mineral salts, primarily calcium phosphate, interacting with other calcium salts and ions to form strong, flexible crystals

40
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Formation of most bones using a hyaline cartilage model; involves cavitation of hyaline shaft, invasion of internal cavities, formation of medullary cavity, and formation of epiphyses.

41
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Formation of bones without a cartilage model; involves formation of bone matrix within fibrous membrane, formation of woven bone and periosteum, and formation of compact bone plate.

42
Q

Longitudinal Growth

A

Process involving the formation of tall columns at the epiphyseal plate by hyaline cartilage cells, leading to lengthening of long bones; eventually replaced by bone, stopping growth in height.

43
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Process involving differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into osteoblasts beneath the periosteum, forming new osteons on the external bone surface, contributing to bone width.

44
Q

Appositional growth

A

Increase in bone diameter through the addition of bone to the outer surface

45
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Cavity within the bone that enlarges as the bone diameter increases

46
Q

Fractures

A

Repair of cracked or broken bones

47
Q

Hematoma formation

A

Formation of a large blood clot in the initial stage of bone fracture repair

48
Q

Fibrocartilage callus formation

A

Process involving capillary growth, invasion by phagocytic cells, and migration of fibroblasts and osteoblasts to the fracture site

49
Q

Bony callus formation

A

Process where fibrocartilaginous callus material calcifies into a bony callus

50
Q

Fracture classification

A

Categorization based on skin penetration, orientation of the break, and position of bone ends after the fracture

51
Q

Calcium and Vitamin D

A

Essential nutrients for bone health, obtained from diet and critical for calcium absorption

52
Q

Vitamin K

A

Supports bone mineralization and may have a synergistic role with vitamin D in bone growth regulation

53
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Synthesized in the pituitary, controls bone growth, triggers chondrocyte proliferation, increases calcium retention, and stimulates osteoblastic activity

54
Q

Thyroxine

A

Secreted by the thyroid gland, promotes osteoblastic activity and bone synthesis

55
Q

Sex Hormones

A

Estrogen and Testosterone promote osteoblastic activity, bone matrix production, and are responsible for the growth spurt during adolescence

56
Q

Calcitriol

A

Active form of vitamin D, stimulates calcium and phosphate absorption from the digestive tract

57
Q

Calcium Homeostasis

A

Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, involving bone deposition, resorption, and hormonal control

58
Q

Remodeling

A

Constant process of bone deposition and resorption regulated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts

59
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Secreted when blood calcium levels are too low, enhances calcium absorption and reabsorption

60
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted when blood calcium levels are too high, inhibits osteoclasts and calcium absorption

61
Q

pituitary growth failure

A

(dwarfism) results from inadequate production of growth hormone which leads to reduced epiphyseal cartilage activity and abnormally short bones, can be treated with synthetic growth hormone

62
Q

comminuted fracture

A

bone fragments into many pieces

63
Q

compression fracture

A

bone is crushed from upward and downward forces

64
Q

depressed fracture

A

broken bone is pressed inward (skull)

65
Q

spiral fracture

A

raged break as a result of excessive twisting of the bone

66
Q

epiphyseal fracture

A

break occurring along the epiphyseal plate

67
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bone breaks incompletely

68
Q

colle’s

A

distal part of the radius breaks

69
Q

pott’s

A

malleolus of tibia and fibula break

70
Q

Achondroplasia

A

results from abnormal hyaline cartilage development. Because hyaline cartilage forms the model for long bone formation, the individual will have short, stocky limbs but the torso and head are of normal size

71
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

very tall with long, slender limbs due to excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal plates. Other defects in the structure of connective tissues commonly cause life-threatening cardiovascular problems

72
Q

gigantism

A

results from an overproduction of growth hormone before puberty. Puberty is often delayed. The most common cause is a pituitary tumor which may be treated by surgery, radiation, or drugs that suppress the release of growth hormone

73
Q

acromegaly

A

result from too much growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates close so that the bones do not grow longer but instead get thicker (especially the bones of the face, hands, and jaw). This leads to changes in their physical appearance.

74
Q

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

A

a rare gene mutation that causes the deposition of bone around skeletal muscles and the normally soft tissues of the body. There is no effective treatment for this painful and debilitating condition, and patients seldom survive into their 40’s.

75
Q

paget’s disease

A

overactive osteoclasts cause pores and weakening of the long bones leading to bending/bowing. Osteoblasts try to compensate for the overactive osteoclasts, but the bone laid down is weak and brittle and prone to fractures.

A&p 1 (1 decks)

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