skeletal system Flashcards
bones of the skeleton, joints
skeletal system
for body movement
muscular system
bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
skeletal system
bones at birth
270 bones
bones at adulthood
206 bones
two divisions of skeletal system
axial and appendicular
vertebral column, rib cage, skull
axial
shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, bones of the upper and lower limbs
appendicular
two or more bones meet
joints
tough elastic tissue around joints
ligaments
connects bone to bone, give support, limits movement
ligaments
connects muscle to bone, fibrous connective tissue
tendons
soft, gel-like padding that protects joints
cartilage
shape, support, protect; highly vascular living structure
bones
compositions of bones
calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate
spongy tissue that makes and stores blood cells
bone marrow
cylindrical structure that is the basic microscopic unit of bones
osteon
consists of lamellae of compact bone tissue
osteon
composed of collagen (very strong and gives bone flexibility)
osteoid
microscopic tubes that contain capillaries and nerve fiber
haversian canals
assist with blood and nerve supply from periosteum to haversian canals
volkmann’s canals
covers the surfaces of the bones except for the cartilage, ligaments, and tendons
periosteum
Formations characteristic of mature bone and take shape during bone remodeling and renewal
osteon
small canal/duct/passageway that channels through in the ossified bone
canaliculus
bone cells:
osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast
bone formation; responsible for the synthesis and mineralization during the process of bone formation and bone remodeling
osteoblasts
longest living bone cell (90-95% of the cell in the bone tissue) ; form when osteoblasts are buried in the mineral matrix
osteocytes
reabsorbs bone that allows for the development of new bone and maintains bone strength
osteoclasts
types of bone tissue
Compact bone and spongy bone
hard external layer of all bones and surrounds the medullary cavity or bone marrow
compact bone
gives bone its white, smooth, solid appearance
compact bone
cancellous or trabecular bone
spongy bone
highly vascularized and contains the red bone marrow
spongy bone
projections or depressions that help identify the location of internal organs
bone markings
classification of bones:
long, short, flat, irregular
longer than they are wide; shaft with 2 bulky ends or extremities
long bones
cube shaped, spongy bone; located in the hands and feet
short bones
thin, flattened, curved
flat bones
located in the occipital, parietal, nasal, frontal, lacrimal, vomer, hip bone, sternum, ribs, scapulae
flat bones
non-uniform shaped bones
irregular bones
vertebrae, sacrum, mandible
irregular bones
types of ossification:
intramembranous and endochondral
replacement of connective tissue to bony tissue
intramembranous ossification
replacement of hyaline cartilage to bony tissue
endochondral ossification
influenced by growth hormone (anterior pituitary glands and sex hormones)
bone growth
stages of bone healing process:
inflammation, bone production, bone remodeling
there is bleeding in the area and blood clotting
inflammation
clotted blood is replaced with fibrous tissue and cartilage (soft callus), then the soft callus is replaced with hard callus
bone production
bone becomes compact and returns to its original shape; blood circulation improves
bone remodeling
bone deposition or bone production by the osteoblasts and bone resorption by the osteoclasts where the bone is broken down
bone remodeling
stages of broken bone repair:
hematoma formation, bone generation, bony callous formation, bone remodeling
blood vessels tear and causes hemorrhage that results in the formation of blood clot or hematoma
hematoma formation
there are still remains of the clotted blood but the fibroblasts that produce collagen and osteoblasts that form the spongy bone enters the area and reforms a new bone;
bone generation
repair tissue between broken bone ends that is composed of hyaline and fibrocartilage
fibrocartilaginious callus
fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced to be a bony callus of the spongy bone
bony callous formation
bony callus is remodeled; compact bone is added to create a bone that is similar to the original or unbroken bone
bone remodeling
blood supply of bone:
nutrient artery, periosteal artery, epiphysial artery, metaphysial artery
enters shaft through the nutrient foramen, runs through the cortex, and divided the ascending and descending branches in the medullary cavity
nutrient artery
low-pressure system connected to the haversian and volkmann’s canals
periosteal artery
from the periarticular vascular arcades found on the nonarticular bony surface
epiphysial artery
from the neighboring systemic vessels; pass directly into the metaphysis and reinforce the metaphysial branches
metaphysial artery
can be sympathetic and vasomotor; can be sensory and is distributed to the articular ends and periosteum
nerves
bones of the head, trunk of vertebrae
axial skeleton
suports face and protects brain; formed by intramembranous ossification and joined by sutures (fibrous joints); consists of cranium
skull
number of bones in skull
8 cranium, 14 face
houses the brain; flat/irregular bones that protects the brain; where the brain rest and vault that surrounds and covers
cranium
bones in the cranium:
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
forehead; supports and protects the delicate nervous tissue;bowl-shaped
frontal bone
large part of the cranial vault and extend from the frontal to occipital
parietal
sides; organs of hearing and equilibrium
temporal
posterior (back); supports the head upon the spinal column
occipital bone
opening in the occipital bone for the spinal cord
foramen magnum
central part; orbits and transmits the optic nerve
sphenoid
bony socket
sella turcica
lies between the eyes; extends from frontal to sphenoid; olfactory nerve, nasal
ethmoid bone
forms the lower and outer edges of the orbits; cheekbones
zygomatic bone
upper jaw and palate of the mouth
maxilla
form the upper part of the nose bridge
nasal bones
medial walls of orbits; forms the naso-lacrimal duct from the eye to nose
lacrimal bone
inferior part of the nasal septum; separates the left and right nasal cavities
vomer
posterior part of the hard palate; forms part of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and orbit of the eye
palatine bone
scroll-like bones along the walls of the nasal cavity
inferior nasal conchae
lower jaw; inferior to maxillae and attaches posteriorly to the temporal bone
mandible
33 individual, interlocking bones that forms the spinal column
vertebrae
forms the neck
cervical (7)
forms the chest sections and the rib is attached here
thoracic (12)
below thoracic; supports the body’s weight
lumbar (5)
caged within the pelvic bone
sacral (5 fused)
tailbone and is located in the terminal portion
coccyx
12 paired bones; protective cage of thorax
ribs
central part of the chest;connects ribs via cartilage (costal cartilage)
sternum
appe: grasp and manipulate objects
upper limbs
appe: for locomotion
lower limbs
bones for arm, forearm, hand
humerus, ulna and radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
bones for the thigh, leg, kneecap, feet
femur, fibula and tibia, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
appe: connects to the arm
pectoral/shoulder girdle (clavicle/scapula)
hip bones and sacrum
pelvic girdle
two or more bones meet; articulation
joints
classification of joints
fibrous, cartiliginous, synovial
connected by fibrous connective tissue; exhibit little to no movement
fibrous joints
hold two bones together by cartilage; immovable
cartilaginous joints
joints that allow movement
synovial joints
types of synovial joints
pivot, ball-and-socket, hinge, condyloid, saddle, gliding
permit axial rotation; rotates within a ring
pivot
spheroidal; rounded surface moves within a depression; multiaxial that allows movement in any direction
ball-and-socket
uniaxial- motion in one plane
hinge
articular surface of one bone has an ovoid convexity within an ellipsoidal cavity
condyloid
articulation by reciprocal reception; reciprocally concave and convex
saddle
flat articular surface that allows gliding movement in any direction; uniaxial because rotation is limited by ligaments and adjacent bone
gliding or plane
