Skeletal System Flashcards
Name the two tissue types that form the skeleton
Cartilage and bone
List the functions of the skeletal system
Supporting, Protecting. Provides a system of levers, with which the skeletal muscles work to move the body. Bones store lipids and many minerals (most importantly, calcium). The red marrow cavities of bones provide a site for hematopoiesis (blood cell formation).
Locate and identify the three major types of skeletal cartilages.
Hyaline Cartilage: Provides sturdy support with some resilience. Most skeletal cartilages are composed of Hyaline Cartilage. Ends of ribs, nose, elbow joints, hip joints, wrists and fingers.
Elastic Cartilage: Is much more flexible than Hyaline cartilage, and it tolerates repeated bending better. Only the cartilages of the external ear and the epiglottis (which flops over and covers the larynx when we swallow) are elastic cartilage.
Fibrocartilage: Consists of rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen fibers. Fibrocartilage which has great tensile strength and can withstand heavy compression, is used to construct the intervertebral discs and the cartilages within the knee joint.
Name the four main groups of bones based on shape.
Long, Short, Flat and Irregular
Identify surface bone markings and list their functions.
Projections or Processes that grow out from the bone and serve as sites of muscle attachment or help from joints.
Depressions or Cavities: Indentations or openings in the bone that often serve as conduits for nerves and blood vessels.
Identify the major anatomical areas on a longitudinally cut long bone.
- Diaphysis or shaft, smooth surface comprised of compact bone.
- Epiphysis, the end of the long bone. Notice that it is composed of a thin layer of compact bone that encloses spongy bone.
- Articular Cartilage, which covers the epiphyseal surface in place of the periosteum. The glassy hyaline cartilage provides a smooth surface to minimize friction at joints.
- Epiphyseal Plate, May still be visible. A thin area of Hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth. Once the leg bone has stopped growing, these areas are replaced with bone and appear as thin, barely discernible remnants.
- In adult, the central cavity of the shaft (medullary cavity) is a storage region for adipose tissue, or Yellow Marrow, In infant, this area is involved in forming blood cells, and so Red Marrow is found in the marrow cavities. In adult bones, the red marrow is confined to the interior of the epiphyses, where it occupies the spaces between the trabeculae of spongy bone.
- If you are examining a fresh bone, look to see if you can distinguish the delicate endosteum lining the shaft. It also covers the trabeculae of the spongy bone and lines the canals of compact bone.
Explain the role of inorganic salts and organic matrix in providing flexibility and hardness to bone.
The hardness of bone is due to the inorganic calcium salts deposited in its ground substance. Its flexibility comes from the organic elements of the matrix, particularly the collagen fibers.
Locate and identify the major parts of an osteon of compact bone.
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Long Bones
Humerus: Arm, Brachium L R
Radius and Ulna: Forearm L R Radius outside, Ulna inside
Femur: Thigh, L R
Tibia and Fibula: Leg L R Fibula outside, Tibia inside.
Metacarpals and Metatarsals: Bones middle part of the hand, bones that form sole and instep. L R
Phalanges: Fingers, Toes L R
Short Bones
Carpals: Wrist bones L R 8 bones each
Tarsals: Ankle, Heel, Arch L R 7 bones each
Irregular Bones
Vertebrae: 33 vertebrae
Pelvic Bones: Hip bones Ilium on each side. Pubis in front, both sides. Ischium in back, both sides.
Sesamoid Bones
Patella Knee Caps L R
Bones in the Axial Skeleton
Skull, Vertebral column, Thoracic cage (ribs & sternum), some bones of pelvic girdle
Bones in the Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of pectoral girdle, Upper limb, Lower limb, some bones of pelvic girdle
Articular Cartilages
cover the bone ends at movable joints
