Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Inorganic portion of bone tissue which is made up of complex mineral salt.

A

Hydroxyapatite

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2
Q

Bones in the vertical axis

A

Axial Skeleton (skull, hyoid bone vertebral column, ribs, and sternum)

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3
Q

Bones attached to the axial skeleton

A

Appendicular Skeleton (pectoral girdle, upper limb bones, pelvic girdle, and lower limb bones)

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4
Q

Bones that are longer than they are wide

A

Long bones (arm, forearm, fingers, thigh, and leg)

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5
Q

Bones that have approximately equal width and length

A

Short bones (carpals and tarsals)

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6
Q

Bones that appear compressed in one dimension

A

Flat bones (Cranium, sternum, ribs, scapula

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7
Q

Bones that do not fit as long, short, or flat.

A

Irregular bones (floor of the skull, facial bones, vertebrae, pelvic girdle bones)

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8
Q

Proximal and distal ends of long bones

A

Epiphyses

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9
Q

Shaft of long bone

A

Diaphysis

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10
Q

Composed of hyaline cartilage that reduce friction as the joint moves between bones

A

`Articular cartilage

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11
Q

Plate of hyaline cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis; increase thickness when a person grows in height - becomes a line when a person has reached its maximum height

A

Epiphyseal plate

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12
Q

Small elevation (projection) in a bone

A

tubercle

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13
Q

Large elevation (projection) in a bone

A

tuberosity

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14
Q

Large process

A

trochanter (e.g. on femur)

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15
Q

shallow hole

A

foramen

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16
Q

shallow surface depression

A

fossa

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17
Q

deep hole

A

meatus/canal

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18
Q

Two types of bone

A

Compact (outer) and Spongey (inner)

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19
Q

Makes up a spongey bone; makes the bone relatively light-weight

A

Trabeculae

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20
Q

innermost section of a bone; site of hematopoiesis (forming of cellular blood components)

A

Marrow/medullary cavity - occupied by a marrow: red - (rbcs and yellow - adipose/fat)

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21
Q

Outside covering/wrapper of the diaphysis; anchoring point for tendons (muscles-bone) and ligaments (bone-bone); made up of dense connective tissue

A

Periosteum

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22
Q

secures/glues the periosteum to the underlying bone

A

Sharpey’s fiber

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23
Q

inner surface of long bones (near the marrow cavity); made up of thinner connective tissue

A

endosteum

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24
Q

modular units of bone

A

osteon/ haversian systems

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25
middle of osteon; contains the blood vessels and nerves in the bone
central canal
26
dark spots around the cc; where osteocytes houses
lacunae
27
thin tubes that connect the lacunae; provide passageways for osteocytes
canaliculi
28
concentric rings between the lacunae
lamellae
29
building bone cells; release calcium into the blood stream
osteoblasts (one nucleus)
30
mature bone cells; sense stress on the bone and add more material if needed; maintains the viability and the structural integrity of bone
osteocytes - most common in compact bones
31
clearing/crushing out bone cells during bone resorption; deposit calcium into the bone
osteoclasts (many nuclei)
32
hard, outer shell of the bone
cortical
33
spongey-looking center of the bone
trabecular
34
runs perpendicular to the central canal
Volkmann's Canal
35
Bone formation
Osteogenesis/Ossification
36
4 stages of Ossification
Initial formation, bone growth, remodelling, repair
37
At how many weeks does bone formation starts?
8 weeks of fetal development
38
a fibrous membrane made up of collagen and other blood vessels where bones grow directly
Mesenchyme
39
Model/template of bone structures; temporary; must be broken down prior to actual ossification
Hyaline cartilage
40
During childhood, what process of bone remodelling is more prominent?
Bone synthesis by osteoblasts
41
what do osteoclasts create during bone remodelling?
Acidic environment that dissolves the mineral content of bones
42
what do osteoblasts produce?
Osteoid
43
what happens to the osteoids when trapped inside the matrix?
become osteocytes
44
what process osteoids undergo when they revert back to lining cells, covering the surface of the bone?
apoptosis
45
In fracture, what do cartilage do?
Form a bridge between the ends of the broken bone
46
What is the process of forming blood vessels in bone?
angiogenesis
47
how many percent is the cortical bone in the skeletal mass?
80%
48
in Ca homeostasis, what receptor gland release the hormone to increase Ca level?
parathyroid gland
49
calcium in bones
calcitonin
50
what bone cell activity is decreased when the Ca level is too high?
Resorption by osteoclasts since they are the one that release calcium into the blood stream
51
sites where two bone meet
joints
52
type of joint that permit only a little movement
fibrous
53
type of joint that consists cartilage and is slightly mobile/movable
cartilaginous
54
type of joint that is the most movable among all joints
synovial
55
secretes the synovial fluid
synovial membrane
56
joints that allow sliding movement b/w flat surfaces
gliding
57
joints that move in one direction (like a door hinge)
hinge
58
joints that allow rotation
pivot
59
joints that can move side-to-side, back and forth, but cannot rotate
condyloid/condylar
60
joints that are concave shaped
saddle
61
joints that consist of a spherical head in a round concativity
ball and socket joints
62
uniaxial joints
hinge, pivot, gliding
63
biaxial
condyloid and saddle
64
multiaxial
ball and socket
65
Functions of the Skeletal system
S - upport M - ovement P - rotection S - torage B - lood cell formation