Skeletal System

Question 1

Inorganic portion of bone tissue which is made up of complex mineral salt.

Answer 1

Hydroxyapatite

Question 2

Bones in the vertical axis

Answer 2

Axial Skeleton (skull, hyoid bone vertebral column, ribs, and sternum)

Question 3

Bones attached to the axial skeleton

Answer 3

Appendicular Skeleton (pectoral girdle, upper limb bones, pelvic girdle, and lower limb bones)

Question 4

Bones that are longer than they are wide

Answer 4

Long bones (arm, forearm, fingers, thigh, and leg)

Question 5

Bones that have approximately equal width and length

Answer 5

Short bones (carpals and tarsals)

Question 6

Bones that appear compressed in one dimension

Answer 6

Flat bones (Cranium, sternum, ribs, scapula

Question 7

Bones that do not fit as long, short, or flat.

Answer 7

Irregular bones (floor of the skull, facial bones, vertebrae, pelvic girdle bones)

Question 8

Proximal and distal ends of long bones

Answer 8

Epiphyses

Question 9

Shaft of long bone

Answer 9

Diaphysis

Question 10

Composed of hyaline cartilage that reduce friction as the joint moves between bones

Answer 10

`Articular cartilage

Question 11

Plate of hyaline cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis; increase thickness when a person grows in height - becomes a line when a person has reached its maximum height

Answer 11

Epiphyseal plate

Question 12

Small elevation (projection) in a bone

Answer 12

tubercle

Question 13

Large elevation (projection) in a bone

Answer 13

tuberosity

Question 14

Large process

Answer 14

trochanter (e.g. on femur)

Question 15

shallow hole

Answer 15

foramen

Question 16

shallow surface depression

Answer 16

fossa

Question 17

deep hole

Answer 17

meatus/canal

Question 18

Two types of bone

Answer 18

Compact (outer) and Spongey (inner)

Question 19

Makes up a spongey bone; makes the bone relatively light-weight

Answer 19

Trabeculae

Question 20

innermost section of a bone; site of hematopoiesis (forming of cellular blood components)

Answer 20

Marrow/medullary cavity - occupied by a marrow: red - (rbcs and yellow - adipose/fat)

Question 21

Outside covering/wrapper of the diaphysis; anchoring point for tendons (muscles-bone) and ligaments (bone-bone); made up of dense connective tissue

Answer 21

Periosteum

Question 22

secures/glues the periosteum to the underlying bone

Answer 22

Sharpey’s fiber

Question 23

inner surface of long bones (near the marrow cavity); made up of thinner connective tissue

Answer 23

endosteum

Question 24

modular units of bone

Answer 24

osteon/ haversian systems

Question 25

middle of osteon; contains the blood vessels and nerves in the bone

Answer 25

central canal

Question 26

dark spots around the cc; where osteocytes houses

Answer 26

lacunae

Question 27

thin tubes that connect the lacunae; provide passageways for osteocytes

Answer 27

canaliculi

Question 28

concentric rings between the lacunae

Answer 28

lamellae

Question 29

building bone cells; release calcium into the blood stream

Answer 29

osteoblasts (one nucleus)

Question 30

mature bone cells; sense stress on the bone and add more material if needed; maintains the viability and the structural integrity of bone

Answer 30

osteocytes - most common in compact bones

Question 31

clearing/crushing out bone cells during bone resorption; deposit calcium into the bone

Answer 31

osteoclasts (many nuclei)

Question 32

hard, outer shell of the bone

Answer 32

cortical

Question 33

spongey-looking center of the bone

Answer 33

trabecular

Question 34

runs perpendicular to the central canal

Answer 34

Volkmann's Canal

Question 35

Bone formation

Answer 35

Osteogenesis/Ossification

Question 36

4 stages of Ossification

Answer 36

Initial formation, bone growth, remodelling, repair

Question 37

At how many weeks does bone formation starts?

Answer 37

8 weeks of fetal development

Question 38

a fibrous membrane made up of collagen and other blood vessels where bones grow directly

Answer 38

Mesenchyme

Question 39

Model/template of bone structures; temporary; must be broken down prior to actual ossification

Answer 39

Hyaline cartilage

Question 40

During childhood, what process of bone remodelling is more prominent?

Answer 40

Bone synthesis by osteoblasts

Question 41

what do osteoclasts create during bone remodelling?

Answer 41

Acidic environment that dissolves the mineral content of bones

Question 42

what do osteoblasts produce?

Answer 42

Osteoid

Question 43

what happens to the osteoids when trapped inside the matrix?

Answer 43

become osteocytes

Question 44

what process osteoids undergo when they revert back to lining cells, covering the surface of the bone?

Answer 44

apoptosis

Question 45

In fracture, what do cartilage do?

Answer 45

Form a bridge between the ends of the broken bone

Question 46

What is the process of forming blood vessels in bone?

Answer 46

angiogenesis

Question 47

how many percent is the cortical bone in the skeletal mass?

Answer 47

80%

Question 48

in Ca homeostasis, what receptor gland release the hormone to increase Ca level?

Answer 48

parathyroid gland

Question 49

calcium in bones

Answer 49

calcitonin

Question 50

what bone cell activity is decreased when the Ca level is too high?

Answer 50

Resorption by osteoclasts since they are the one that release calcium into the blood stream

Question 51

sites where two bone meet

Answer 51

joints

Question 52

type of joint that permit only a little movement

Answer 52

fibrous

Question 53

type of joint that consists cartilage and is slightly mobile/movable

Answer 53

cartilaginous

Question 54

type of joint that is the most movable among all joints

Answer 54

synovial

Question 55

secretes the synovial fluid

Answer 55

synovial membrane

Question 56

joints that allow sliding movement b/w flat surfaces

Answer 56

gliding

Question 57

joints that move in one direction (like a door hinge)

Answer 57

hinge

Question 58

joints that allow rotation

Answer 58

pivot

Question 59

joints that can move side-to-side, back and forth, but cannot rotate

Answer 59

condyloid/condylar

Question 60

joints that are concave shaped

Answer 60

saddle

Question 61

joints that consist of a spherical head in a round concativity

Answer 61

ball and socket joints

Question 62

uniaxial joints

Answer 62

hinge, pivot, gliding

Question 63

biaxial

Answer 63

condyloid and saddle

Question 64

multiaxial

Answer 64

ball and socket

Question 65

Functions of the Skeletal system

Answer 65

S - upport M - ovement P - rotection S - torage B - lood cell formation