Skeletal System Flashcards
Inorganic portion of bone tissue which is made up of complex mineral salt.
Hydroxyapatite
Bones in the vertical axis
Axial Skeleton (skull, hyoid bone vertebral column, ribs, and sternum)
Bones attached to the axial skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton (pectoral girdle, upper limb bones, pelvic girdle, and lower limb bones)
Bones that are longer than they are wide
Long bones (arm, forearm, fingers, thigh, and leg)
Bones that have approximately equal width and length
Short bones (carpals and tarsals)
Bones that appear compressed in one dimension
Flat bones (Cranium, sternum, ribs, scapula
Bones that do not fit as long, short, or flat.
Irregular bones (floor of the skull, facial bones, vertebrae, pelvic girdle bones)
Proximal and distal ends of long bones
Epiphyses
Shaft of long bone
Diaphysis
Composed of hyaline cartilage that reduce friction as the joint moves between bones
`Articular cartilage
Plate of hyaline cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis; increase thickness when a person grows in height - becomes a line when a person has reached its maximum height
Epiphyseal plate
Small elevation (projection) in a bone
tubercle
Large elevation (projection) in a bone
tuberosity
Large process
trochanter (e.g. on femur)
shallow hole
foramen
shallow surface depression
fossa
deep hole
meatus/canal
Two types of bone
Compact (outer) and Spongey (inner)
Makes up a spongey bone; makes the bone relatively light-weight
Trabeculae
innermost section of a bone; site of hematopoiesis (forming of cellular blood components)
Marrow/medullary cavity - occupied by a marrow: red - (rbcs and yellow - adipose/fat)
Outside covering/wrapper of the diaphysis; anchoring point for tendons (muscles-bone) and ligaments (bone-bone); made up of dense connective tissue
Periosteum
secures/glues the periosteum to the underlying bone
Sharpey’s fiber
inner surface of long bones (near the marrow cavity); made up of thinner connective tissue
endosteum
modular units of bone
osteon/ haversian systems
middle of osteon; contains the blood vessels and nerves in the bone
central canal
dark spots around the cc; where osteocytes houses
lacunae
thin tubes that connect the lacunae; provide passageways for osteocytes
canaliculi
concentric rings between the lacunae
lamellae
building bone cells; release calcium into the blood stream
osteoblasts (one nucleus)
mature bone cells; sense stress on the bone and add more material if needed; maintains the viability and the structural integrity of bone
osteocytes - most common in compact bones
clearing/crushing out bone cells during bone resorption; deposit calcium into the bone
osteoclasts (many nuclei)
hard, outer shell of the bone
cortical
spongey-looking center of the bone
trabecular
runs perpendicular to the central canal
Volkmann’s Canal
Bone formation
Osteogenesis/Ossification
4 stages of Ossification
Initial formation, bone growth, remodelling, repair
At how many weeks does bone formation starts?
8 weeks of fetal development
a fibrous membrane made up of collagen and other blood vessels where bones grow directly
Mesenchyme
Model/template of bone structures; temporary; must be broken down prior to actual ossification
Hyaline cartilage
During childhood, what process of bone remodelling is more prominent?
Bone synthesis by osteoblasts
what do osteoclasts create during bone remodelling?
Acidic environment that dissolves the mineral content of bones
what do osteoblasts produce?
Osteoid
what happens to the osteoids when trapped inside the matrix?
become osteocytes
what process osteoids undergo when they revert back to lining cells, covering the surface of the bone?
apoptosis
In fracture, what do cartilage do?
Form a bridge between the ends of the broken bone
What is the process of forming blood vessels in bone?
angiogenesis
how many percent is the cortical bone in the skeletal mass?
80%
in Ca homeostasis, what receptor gland release the hormone to increase Ca level?
parathyroid gland
calcium in bones
calcitonin
what bone cell activity is decreased when the Ca level is too high?
Resorption by osteoclasts since they are the one that release calcium into the blood stream
sites where two bone meet
joints
type of joint that permit only a little movement
fibrous
type of joint that consists cartilage and is slightly mobile/movable
cartilaginous
type of joint that is the most movable among all joints
synovial
secretes the synovial fluid
synovial membrane
joints that allow sliding movement b/w flat surfaces
gliding
joints that move in one direction (like a door hinge)
hinge
joints that allow rotation
pivot
joints that can move side-to-side, back and forth, but cannot rotate
condyloid/condylar
joints that are concave shaped
saddle
joints that consist of a spherical head in a round concativity
ball and socket joints
uniaxial joints
hinge, pivot, gliding
biaxial
condyloid and saddle
multiaxial
ball and socket
Functions of the Skeletal system
S - upport
M - ovement
P - rotection
S - torage
B - lood cell formation