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POSC 308 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

List the components of the skeleton.

A

Bone, Cartilage, Ligament, Marrow, Tendon

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2
Q

Adult chicken store ___% calcium and ___% phosphorous in their bones. (Of the calcium and phosphorous in their WHOLE BODY)

A

99% calcium and 80% phosphorous

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3
Q

General function of bone?

A

Protect from injury, support other active tissues, form lever system for muscle action, storage of calcium and phosphorous and other minerals, production of blood cells, storage of lipids

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4
Q

What is examples of resorption and deposition?

A

Resorption = growth, Deposition = Egg Laying

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5
Q

Cell types in bones.

A

Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor

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6
Q

Major protein in organic portion of the bone matrix.

A

Collagen

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7
Q

Primary components of the inorganic portion of the bone matrix.

A

Calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, salts of magnesium and sodium

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8
Q

Primary components of the inorganic portion of the bone matrix.

A

Calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, salts of magnesium and sodium

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9
Q

The organic portion makes up ___ and inorganic portion makes up ___ of the total bone matrix.

A

1/3, 2/3

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10
Q

Compact bones are the ___ bone and ____.

A

Outer bone and ridged

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11
Q

Cancellous bones are the ___ bone and ___.

A

Inner bone and porous

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12
Q

Compact bones have ___ spaces and is very ____.

A

Few, dense/strong

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13
Q

Cancellous bone has ___ between trabecullae containing the bone marrow.

A

Spaces

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14
Q

Three different bone shapes.

A

Long bone, flat bone, short bone

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15
Q

Example of long bones.

A

Femur, tibia

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15
Q

Example of long bones.

A

Femur, tibia

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16
Q

Example of flat bones.

A

Scapula, keel

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16
Q

Example of flat bones.

A

Scapula, keel

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17
Q

Function of flat bones.

A

Provide protection or a large surface area for skeletal muscle attachment

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18
Q

Example of short bones.

A

Patella

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19
Q

Function of short bones.

A
20
Q

Function of long bones.

A
21
Q

What are the four parts of structures in long bone?

A

Epiphysis, Metaphysis, Diaphysis, Articular Cartilage

22
Q

The location of epiphyseal plate.

A

Boarder of the metaphysis and epiphysis

23
Q

Location of periosteum.

A

Covers the outer surface of all bone EXPECT where the bones form joints.

24
Q

Function of epiphyseal plate.

A

It is the primary point of long bone elongation in the animal (growth plate)

25
Q

Location of endosteum.

A

Covers the entire surface of all bone that forms the medullary cavity of long bone.

26
Q

Composition of periosteum.

A

Has two layers: Fibrous (blood vessels and nerves) and Osteogenic (cells)

27
Q

Composition of endosteum.

A

Osteogenic layer: Cells (osteoclasts and osteoblasts)

28
Q

What is the term for the process of bone formation?

A

Osteogenesis

29
Q

What is resorption?

A
30
Q

What is deposition?

A
31
Q

Two phases of osteogenesis?

A

Formative phase and Resorptive phase

32
Q

What is the function of the Formative phase of osteogenesis?

A

Active bone growth or deposition of the matrix

33
Q

What is the function of the Formative phase of osteogenesis?

A

Active bone growth or deposition of the matrix

34
Q

What is the function of the Resorptive phase of osteogenesis?

A

Active bone breakdown or resorption of the matrix

35
Q

What hormones regulate osteogenesis?

A

Growth hormone (GH), Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), Estrogen, Vitamin D3, Calcitonin, Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

36
Q

What are five avian specific characteristics of bone?

A

Fusion of the lower vertebrae, Pneumatic (hollow) bones, Absence of teeth, Deep ventral keel, Medullary Bone

37
Q

Significance of the fusion of the lower vertebrae in birds?

A

Increase overall strength, support the larger surface area of wings

38
Q

Significance of Pneumatic bones in birds?

A

Reduce overall weight and enhance the overall dead space of the air sacs to increase overall respiratory capacity during flight

39
Q

Significance of the absence of teeth in birds?

A

Reduce overall weight for flight

40
Q

Significance of deep ventral keel in birds?

A

Support the extensive musculature of the pectoralis region (pectoralis major and minor)

41
Q

Significance of the medullary bone in birds?

A

Provide better resorptive and formative capabilities of bone during lay to supply the hen with a very regulated and constant supply of CALCIUM and PHOSPHOROUS for egg formation.

42
Q

This medullary bone is normally found only in long bones of female egg-laying birds. Why?

A

To help with the formation of eggs but supplying a constant flow of calcium and phosphorous

43
Q

Name the hormones that control the emergence of medullary bone in hens.

A

Estrogen and testosterone

44
Q

What is Tibial Dyschondroplasia?

A
45
Q

What is Etiology?

A
46
Q

What is Symptoms?

A
47
Q

What is the main cause or rickets?

A

Consumption of a nutritionally deficient diet

48
Q

How does a lack of calcium lead to osteoporosis in laying hens?

A

POSC 308 (1 decks)

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