skeletal system

Question 1

Long Bones

Answer 1

. Longer than they are wide
. Act as levers to create movement
. Produce red blood cells
. have a shaft known as diaphysis and two extended ends called epiphysis
eg. Humerus, Tibia, Femur

Question 2

Short Bones

Answer 2

. Are as long as they are wide
. Used for weight bearing
. Absorb shock
. consists of a cancellous bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone
eg.Tarsals, Carpals

Question 3

Flat Bones

Answer 3

. Wide and flat, normally thin
. Protect vital organs
. Attach muscles and produce blood
eg. Sternum Ribs Pelvis

Question 4

Irregular

Answer 4

. Irregular shape
. Many functions such as, protection, attach muscles, support, movement,
eg. Lumbar, Thoracic, Cervical

Question 5

Sesamoid

Answer 5

. Held within a tendon
. Reduce friction between the joint (smooth surface for tendon to slide over)
eg. Patella

Question 6

Axial Skeleton

Answer 6

Is the main core or axis of the skeleton:
 Cranium
 Sternum
 Ribs
 Vertebral Column

Question 7

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 7

Contains bones that are attached to the axial skeleton
 Limps
 Shoulder girdle (Scapula)
 Pelvic girdle

Question 8

Cervical Vertebrae

Answer 8

7 cervical vertebrae. The first two are called axis and atlas and form a pivot joint that allows the head to move, They also the attach muscles of the neck.

Question 9

Thoracic Vertebrae

Answer 9

12 thoracic vertebrae. They are bigger than the cervical and attach the ribs which protect the heart and lungs. They attach the muscles of the back.

Question 10

Lumbar

Answer 10

5 lumbar vertebrae. They are the biggest of the moveable vertebrae. They support the weight of the other vertebrae and attach the muscles of the lower back.

Question 11

Sacral

Answer 11

5 sacral vertebrae that are fused together. It helps form the wall of the pelvis. it also supports the weight of the vertebrae

Question 12

Coccygeal

Answer 12

4 coccygeal vertebrae that are fused together. Has no function

Question 13

Neutral Spine

Answer 13

A good posture with the correct position of the three natural curves (S shape). When
viewing the spine from the front (anterior), it should be completely vertical. Occasionally the spine may suffer from disorders which can cause the natural curves to change.

Question 14

Kyphosis

Answer 14

The excessive outward curve of the thoracic region of the spine resulting in a ‘hunchback’
appearance. This is often caused by poor posture but can be caused by deformities of the vertebrae.

Question 15

Scoliosis

Answer 15

The abnormal curvature of the spine either to the left or to the right (lateral curvature).
Most likely to occur in the thoracic region. Often found in children but can be found in
adults. This condition is not thought to be linked to bad posture and the exact reasons
for it are unknown, although it seems to be inheritable.

Question 16

Process of bone growth

Answer 16

. Ossification= the process whereby the bones are formed
1. bones start as cartilage and harden through ossification
2. osteoblasts build new bone/ change cartilage to bone by bringing calcium to bone
3. osteoclasts break down bone (remove the excess calcium)
4. epiphyseal plates seal off once bone is fully grown.

. Calcium and phosphate accumulate on the cartilage, trapping it, causing the cells of cartilage to die. Tiny spaces are left when the cartilage dies. Blood vessels grow in these spaces and transport osteoblasts and nutrients to the developing bone.

(activity increases the uptake of minerals)
. Exercise reduces the risk of osteoporosis
. End of each long bone= long (epiphyseal) plates, allow the bone to grow longer
. Once the bone is formed the head fuses with the mainshaft, creating the epiphyseal line

Question 17

Function of skeleton: protection

Answer 17

The skeleton protects vital organs:
 Cranium protects the brain
 Pelvis protects the reproductive organs
 Ribs protect the heart and lungs

Question 18

Function of skeleton: Attachment for Skeletal Muscle

Answer 18

. Bones provide anchors for muscles to attach.
. Tendons attach muscles to bone
. muscles pull on bones to create movement

Question 19

Function of skeleton: Leverage

Answer 19

Long bones provide a lever system against which muscles can pull to create movement

Question 20

Function of skeleton: Storing of Minerals

Answer 20

Bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus which is essential for bone growth and maintenance of bone health

Question 21

function of skeleton; A Source of Blood Cell production

Answer 21

Bone marrow stored in bones produces red and white blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen for energy. White blood cells fight infection

Question 22

Function of skeleton: Support Framework

Answer 22

Bones give your body shape and help support the body so we can stand up straight and attach muscles

Question 23

Function of skeleton: Weight Bearing

Answer 23

Bones are very strong and will support the weight of the body the pelvis and tarsals supports the weight of the body

Question 24

Function of skeleton: Reduce friction Across a Joint

Answer 24

The skeleton has many different types of joints. Synovial joint secrete synovial fluid that reduces friction between bones

Question 25

Fixed Joint (Fibrous)

Answer 25

. These joints are fixed and allow no movement between bones
. They form when bones interlock and overlap during childhood
. they are held together by bands of tough fibrous tissue
. eg. Cranium, Sacrum, Coccygeal

Question 26

Slightly Moveable joint (Cartilaginous)

Answer 26

. These joints are slightly moveable
. the ends of bone are covered in smooth shiny covering called articular/ hyaline cartilage, which reduces friction between bones
. the bones are separated by pads of white fibrocartilage- and these can compress to allow slight movement at the joint
. eg. Between the individual vertebrae

Question 27

Moveable joint (Synovial)

Answer 27

These are freely moveable joints. The shape of bones determines the range of movement
eg. Elbow (hinge), Shoulder (ball & socket) Thumb (saddle)

Question 28

Synovial fluid

Answer 28

lubricates and reduces friction between bones. viscous liquid and provides nutrients to articular cartilage. Allows wider range of movement at the joint

Question 29

synovial membrane

Answer 29

contains/ releases synovial fluid, that lubricates the joint so reduces friction

Question 30

articular cartilage

Answer 30

prevents bones rubbing and acts as shock absorber

Question 31

joint capsule

Answer 31

surround the synovial joint and protects/ stabilise it

Question 32

ligament

Answer 32

joins bone to bone and helps stabilise joint

Question 33

bursa

Answer 33

fluid sack, stops tendon rubbing on bone, allows range of movement around joint

Question 34

hinge joint

Answer 34

. Only allow movement forward and back like a door
. Flexion/ Extension/ Plantar Flexion/ Dorsiflexion
. Knee: Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella
. Elbow: Humerus, Radius, Ulna
. Ankle: Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals

Question 35

ball and socket

Answer 35

. the round end of one bone fits into the cup-shape socket in another bone allowing movement in all directions
. Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, Rotation, Circumduction
. Shoulder: Scapula, Humerus, Clavicle
. Hip: Pelvis, Femur

Question 36

pivot joint

Answer 36

. Rotation
. neck- Cervical vertebrae: Axis, Axial

Question 37

Condyloid joint

Answer 37

. similar to ball and socket but movement is forward/back and side to side (ligaments often prevent rotation)
. Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, Circumduction
. Wrist: Ulna, Radius, Carpals

Question 38

Saddle joint

Answer 38

. similar to condyloid but surfaces are concave and convex, allowing movement forward/back and side to side
. Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, Circumduction
. Thumb: Carpals, Metacarpals

Question 39

Gliding joint

Answer 39

. Limited movement in all directions
. Hands: Between the Carpals
. Feet: Between the Tarsals

Question 40

short term response to exercise: Synovial fluid production

Answer 40

movement increases Synovial fluid production in the joint as mechanical movement means the synovial membrane releases more fluid, reduces friction between joints= increasing range of movement at the joint. When the fluid is released it becomes less viscous.

Question 41

short term response to exercise: Uptake of minerals

Answer 41

Exercise= stimulates the uptake of calcium= makes the bones stronger with less chance of injury

Question 42

short term response to exercise: Increased pliability of ligaments

Answer 42

Tendons more pliable= increase the range of movement at the joint

Question 43

long term response to exercise: Increase in bone density and strength

Answer 43

Regular weight bearing exercise = bones bigger and stronger, = you are less likely to get injured such as a fracture

Question 44

long term response to exercise: Increased ligament strength

Answer 44

Regular exercise = strengthens ligaments as collagen becomes aligned = stabilises the joint = less likely to get injured such as a dislocation

Question 45

long term response to exercise: Increased thickness of articular cartilage

Answer 45

Regular exercise = thicken the articular cartilage = protect the joint from wear and tear

Question 46

factors affecting the skeletal system: Arthritis

Answer 46

Cause= caused by general wear and tear over a long period of time= reduces the normal amount of cartilage tissue = may result in the ends of the bones rubbing together. Arthritis is= inflammation within a synovial joint= pain and stiffness in the joint

Treatment= lifestyle measures – such as maintaining a healthy weight and exercising regularly medication – to relieve your pain, supportive therapies – to help make everyday activities easier, surgery.

Prevention= Physical activity = joints produce more synovial fluid = joint lubrication/ reducing friction between the bones & provide minerals to the cartilage.
Non-weight baring activities (swimming and cycling)

Question 47

factors affecting the skeletal system: Osteoporosis

Answer 47

Cause = weakening of bones caused by a loss in calcium /lack of vitamin D/ sedentary lifestyle. As you get older = bones slowly lose their mineral density and naturally become brittle, fragile and more likely to break under stress. Usually women 50+ as menopause causes hormones to make bones lose density.

Treatment= treating and preventing fractures, and using medicines to strengthen bones.

Prevention= physical activity = help prevent osteoporosis by promoting increased uptake of minerals within the bones = an increase in bone mineral density. Resistance training, weight bearing exercise, shock absorbing sports (rugby) is a good method of preventing osteoporosis as overloading the skeleton will increase bone density.

Question 48

factors affecting the skeletal system: age

Answer 48

Cause= The skeletal system is a living tissue that is constantly growing and repairing itself so that it can provide support and protection. Resistance training (weight training) in children = bones are still growing so putting too much force on them = damage the epiphyseal plates which are found at each end of the long bones= stunted bone growth

Treatment= ensure a fitness program designed to not overwork, at any age, and allow bone growth.

Prevention= don’t do too much weight/ resistance training as a child. If correctly it is ok.

Question 49

Figure 1 shows a synovial joint.
1 (a) Name the components of the synovial joint labelled A–C in Figure 1.

Answer 49

 Joint capsule – A
 (Articular/Hyaline) cartilage – B
 Ligament – C

Question 50

(b) Synovial fluid is a thick liquid found in synovial joints.
Give three functions of synovial fluid.

Answer 50

Award one mark for each function of synovial
fluid identified to a maximum three marks.
 Provides lubrication for the joint (1)
 Provides nutrients/nourishes the cartilage
(1)
 Reduces friction between the bones /
preventing bones from rubbing together
(1)
 Used as a shock absorber (1)
 Increases the range of movement of a
joint(1)

Question 51

Michael is a high jumper. He has recently experienced severe pain and his doctor has
diagnosed postural deviations.
2 Complete the table by:
(a) giving two types of postural deviation in Column A.

Answer 51

Kyphosis (1)- the rounding of the upper back/shoulders/thoracic region/Hunched back (1)

Scoliosis (1)- his spine has a sideways curve in the shape of an S or a C (1)

Question 52

(a) Give an example of a flat bone.

Answer 52

 Ribs (1)
 Cranium (1)
 Sternum (1)
 Pelvis (1)
 Scapula (1)

Question 53

(b) State the function of a flat bone.

Answer 53

 Protection for vital organs from damage/(e.g)
ribs protect the lungs (1)
 Provide a site for muscle attachment (1)