Skeletal revision Flashcards
Hyaline cartilage
High in collagen
Helps hold the body together.
It provides support and flexibility to different parts of the body and is located at the end
of long bones, meeting to form the synovial joints.
Elastic cartilage
Ability to change cartilage shape in response to tension, compression, and bending before returning to an at-rest state,
Provide a strong but flexible structure.
Fibrocartilage
Especially strong and durable
It can injure in the form of tearing.
Acts somewhat as a shock absorber in cartilaginous joints
Tendon
Connective tissue that is bonded to bone and connects muscle to bone.
Ligament
Attaching and connecting bones to bone in all joints.
● Enhances joint stability.
● Guides joint motion and alignment.
● Prevents excessive or unwanted motion in the joint.
Long Bone
Longer in length than width.
• Consisting of a Diaphysis (main shaft/length) and two extremities (Epiphysis).
• Predominant function as a levers.
• Contains compact bone in the diaphysis.
• Contains more cancellous bone in the epiphysis.
Short Bone
Long as they are wide.
• Highly cancellous, giving them strength while reducing weight.
Irregular Bone
- Thinner layer of cancellous bone, located between two plate-layers of compact bone.
- Provides protection and large areas for muscle attachment.
Flat Bone
• Complex shapes, categorised within the vertebrates of the spine.
Sesamoid Bone
Particular tendons developed at sites of considerable friction or tension.
• Function to help improve leverage and protect from joint damage.
Fibrous Joint
Fixed and immovable joints, fused together creating a fixed, solid structure: for example, the plates of the skull are fused to prevent any movement.
Cartilaginous Joint
Slightly moveable joints, having the ability to perform various small motions, connected by
cartilage: for example, the vertebrae (spine)
Synovial Joint
Most common of all joints – flexible in action, slide over one another, rotating, creating the ability to perform various ranges of motion: for example, the hip and shoulder joints.
Pivot joint
One bone has tapped into the other in such a way that full rotation is
not possible.
This joint aid in sideways and back-forth movement.
An example of a pivotal joint in the neck.
Plane joint
These joints move freely together, sliding past each other without any rubbing or
crushing of other bones.
Predominately found in the lower leg to the ankle joint and the forearm to wrist joint are the two main examples of gliding joints.
Ball and socket joint
One bone is hooked into the hollow space of another bone.
This type of joint helps in rotatory movement.
An example ball and socket joint are the shoulders.
Condyloid joint
Condyloid joints are the joints with two axes which permit up-down and side-to-side
motions.
The condyloid joints can be found at the base of the index finger, carpals of
the wrist, elbow and the wrist joints.
Saddle joint
Saddle joint is the biaxial joint that allows the movement on two planes–flexion/extension and abduction/adduction.
For example, the thumb is the only bone in the human body having a saddle joint.
Hinge joint
Hinge joints are like door hinges, where only back and forth movement is possible.
An example of a hinge joint would be the ankle, elbows and knee joints.
The Diaphysis:
The long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone – the shaft.
The Epiphyses:
The proximal and distal ends of the bone, containing cancellous bone tissue.
Epiphyseal Plates:
Growth plates located between the diaphysis and epiphysis. These plates increase in length until adulthood.
Hyaline Cartilage:
Covering the ends of the bone where they meet to form joints.
Periosteum:
Tough, fibrous sheath that covers the whole bone.
Compact Bone:
Solid and strong, which helps the bone withstand any weight-bearing stress.
Cancellous Bone:
Sponge like bone tissue containing red marrow – flat, short irregular bones are predominantly formed by cancellous bone.
Medullary Cavity:
Hollow tube, running down the centre of the diaphysis.
Yellow Marrow:
Storage for fat, located in the medullary cavity.
Red Marrow:
Production of various types of blood cells – located in the cancellous bone tissue
Osteoblasts.
Deposited cells of calcium that help to form new bone.
Osteoclasts.
Cells that help to eat away old bone.
Osteocytes.
Osteoblasts that have become mature through time and have ended their bone-forming role of development.
Neutral Spine:
Projected as an S-shaped curve when seen from profile, curves naturally aligned – regarded as the most optimal posture to maintain.
• Lordosis:
projected as an excessive curvature of the lower back – lumbar region.
• Kyphosis:
projected as an excessive curvature of the mid-back – thoracic region.
• Scoliosis:
projected as a lateral deviation of the spine – spine has an abnormal S curve when seen from the posterior or anterior.
Short-term Benefits of exercise
Synovial fluids within the joints increased – results in preventing excessive wear and tear.
Blood flow and nutrients to bones are increased.
Increased Range of Motion.
Long-term Benefits of exercise
Improved Posture.
Increased cartilage health.
Increased flexibility as a result of improved Range of Motion.
Risks reduced of fractures.
Increased bone strength and density.
Improved stability as a result of stronger joints.
