Skeletal revision

Question 1

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 1

High in collagen

Helps hold the body together.

It provides support and flexibility to different parts of the body and is located at the end
of long bones, meeting to form the synovial joints.

Question 2

Elastic cartilage

Answer 2

Ability to change cartilage shape in response to tension, compression, and bending before returning to an at-rest state,

Provide a strong but flexible structure.

Question 3

Fibrocartilage

Answer 3

Especially strong and durable

It can injure in the form of tearing.

Acts somewhat as a shock absorber in cartilaginous joints

Question 4

Tendon

Answer 4

Connective tissue that is bonded to bone and connects muscle to bone.

Question 5

Ligament

Answer 5

Attaching and connecting bones to bone in all joints.

● Enhances joint stability.
● Guides joint motion and alignment.
● Prevents excessive or unwanted motion in the joint.

Question 6

Long Bone

Answer 6

Longer in length than width.
• Consisting of a Diaphysis (main shaft/length) and two extremities (Epiphysis).
• Predominant function as a levers.
• Contains compact bone in the diaphysis.
• Contains more cancellous bone in the epiphysis.

Question 7

Short Bone

Answer 7

Long as they are wide.

• Highly cancellous, giving them strength while reducing weight.

Question 8

Irregular Bone

Answer 8

• Thinner layer of cancellous bone, located between two plate-layers of compact bone.
• Provides protection and large areas for muscle attachment.

Question 9

Flat Bone

Answer 9

• Complex shapes, categorised within the vertebrates of the spine.

Question 10

Sesamoid Bone

Answer 10

Particular tendons developed at sites of considerable friction or tension.
• Function to help improve leverage and protect from joint damage.

Question 11

Fibrous Joint

Answer 11

Fixed and immovable joints, fused together creating a fixed, solid structure: for example, the plates of the skull are fused to prevent any movement.

Question 12

Cartilaginous Joint

Answer 12

Slightly moveable joints, having the ability to perform various small motions, connected by
cartilage: for example, the vertebrae (spine)

Question 13

Synovial Joint

Answer 13

Most common of all joints – flexible in action, slide over one another, rotating, creating the ability to perform various ranges of motion: for example, the hip and shoulder joints.

Question 14

Pivot joint

Answer 14

One bone has tapped into the other in such a way that full rotation is
not possible.

This joint aid in sideways and back-forth movement.

An example of a pivotal joint in the neck.

Question 15

Plane joint

Answer 15

These joints move freely together, sliding past each other without any rubbing or
crushing of other bones.

Predominately found in the lower leg to the ankle joint and the forearm to wrist joint are the two main examples of gliding joints.

Question 16

Ball and socket joint

Answer 16

One bone is hooked into the hollow space of another bone.

This type of joint helps in rotatory movement.

An example ball and socket joint are the shoulders.

Question 17

Condyloid joint

Answer 17

Condyloid joints are the joints with two axes which permit up-down and side-to-side
motions.

The condyloid joints can be found at the base of the index finger, carpals of
the wrist, elbow and the wrist joints.

Question 18

Saddle joint

Answer 18

Saddle joint is the biaxial joint that allows the movement on two planes–flexion/extension and abduction/adduction.

For example, the thumb is the only bone in the human body having a saddle joint.

Question 19

Hinge joint

Answer 19

Hinge joints are like door hinges, where only back and forth movement is possible.

An example of a hinge joint would be the ankle, elbows and knee joints.

Question 20

The Diaphysis:

Answer 20

The long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone – the shaft.

Question 21

The Epiphyses:

Answer 21

The proximal and distal ends of the bone, containing cancellous bone tissue.

Question 22

Epiphyseal Plates:

Answer 22

Growth plates located between the diaphysis and epiphysis. These plates increase in length until adulthood.

Question 23

Hyaline Cartilage:

Answer 23

Covering the ends of the bone where they meet to form joints.

Question 24

Periosteum:

Answer 24

Tough, fibrous sheath that covers the whole bone.

Question 25

Compact Bone:

Answer 25

Solid and strong, which helps the bone withstand any weight-bearing stress.

Question 26

Cancellous Bone:

Answer 26

Sponge like bone tissue containing red marrow – flat, short irregular bones are predominantly formed by cancellous bone.

Question 27

Medullary Cavity:

Answer 27

Hollow tube, running down the centre of the diaphysis.

Question 28

Yellow Marrow:

Answer 28

Storage for fat, located in the medullary cavity.

Question 29

Red Marrow:

Answer 29

Production of various types of blood cells – located in the cancellous bone tissue

Question 30

Osteoblasts.

Answer 30

Deposited cells of calcium that help to form new bone.

Question 31

Osteoclasts.

Answer 31

Cells that help to eat away old bone.

Question 32

Osteocytes.

Answer 32

Osteoblasts that have become mature through time and have ended their bone-forming role of development.

Question 33

Neutral Spine:

Answer 33

Projected as an S-shaped curve when seen from profile, curves naturally aligned – regarded as the most optimal posture to maintain.

Question 34

• Lordosis:

Answer 34

projected as an excessive curvature of the lower back – lumbar region.

Question 35

• Kyphosis:

Answer 35

projected as an excessive curvature of the mid-back – thoracic region.

Question 36

• Scoliosis:

Answer 36

projected as a lateral deviation of the spine – spine has an abnormal S curve when seen from the posterior or anterior.

Question 37

Short-term Benefits of exercise

Answer 37

Synovial fluids within the joints increased – results in preventing excessive wear and tear.

Blood flow and nutrients to bones are increased.

Increased Range of Motion.

Question 38

Long-term Benefits of exercise

Answer 38

Improved Posture.
Increased cartilage health.
Increased flexibility as a result of improved Range of Motion.
Risks reduced of fractures.
Increased bone strength and density.
Improved stability as a result of stronger joints.