Skeletal + Muscular Systems Flashcards
name the 6 main functions of the skeleton
support, shape, movement, production blood cells, protection and mineral storage (super star performers make mince pies)
support
- bones provide attachment points for muscles
shape
- skeleton (posture)
protection
- flat bones provide protection for the vital organs. e.g. scapula, cranium and pelvis.
movement
- muscles, attached to bones by tendons, which enable bones to move at joints.
mineral storage
- bone marrow stores minerals like calcium and iron.
- This can assist in bone strength.
Production of red blood cells
- bone marrow is the site of red and white cell production.
name the three types of bones
short bones, long bones and flat bones
Long bones
long bones are required for gross movements
short bones
short bones are used for small fine, precise movements.
flat bones
Flat bones -
- protect internal organs
- large surface area allows for muscle attachment.
Bones in the leg/ foot and knee
Femur, Fibula, Tibia, pelvis, patella and Talus
Bones in the body
Ribs, sternum, scapula
bones in the arm
Humerus, ulna, radius
What is the scientific name for the Head
Cranium
scientific name for the spine
vertebral column
movements at joints
flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, Rotation, circumduction, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion.
flexion
closing of a joint
extension
opening a joint
adduction
movement towards the centre line
abduction
movement away from the centre line
Rotation
clockwise or anticlockwise movement of a limb
circumduction
movement of a limb (hand or foot) in a circular motion
plantar flexion
extension at the ankle (pointing toes towards the floor)
Dorsiflexion
Flexion at the ankle (pointing toes towards your tibia)
name the two types of joint in the body
- ball and socket
- hinge
name two examples of a ball and socket joint
- hip
- shoulder
define cartilage
- acts as a cushion between bones to prevent damage during joint movement
- It is able to acheive this by absorbing shock and preventing friction between bones.
Define Tendons
- attach muscles to bones to allow bones to move when muscles contract
define ligaments
- prevents dislocation of joints and stabalize the joint
- They are made of tough and fibrous tissues and connect bone to bone holding the joint together
name the parts of the synovial joint
- Bursae
- joint capsule
- cartilage
- synovial membrane
- ligament
- synovial membrane
Are hinge joints synovial joints
yes
what type of joints are ball and socket joints
synovial joints
Define bursae
- fluid filled sacs that sit between the tendons and the bones
- they prevent the tendons and the bones rubbing together and causing friction during movement.
define synovial membrane
- A very thin layer of cells within the joint capsule
- produces synovial fluid to lubricate the joint and prevent frition between the moving parts of the joint.
define synovial fluid
- A fluid produced by the synovial membrane and fills the joint cavity
- lubricates the joint to prevent friction between bones and increase mobility.
define joint capsule
- A tough fibrous tissue that surrounds the synovial joint
- It strengthens the joint and protects the synovial membrane underneath.
Name the muscles in the arm
Biceps and triceps
Name the muscles around the chest and shoulders
Pectorals, deltoids and rotator cuffs
What is the muscle that helps pull the rib cage down during exercise
- Abdominals
Name the main muscle on your back
Latissimus dorsi
What is the two muscles around the hip
- hip flexors
- Gluteals
Name the two muscles in the upper leg
- quadriceps
- hamstrings
Name the two muscles in the lower leg
- gastrocnemius
- Tibialis anterior
Name the 4 types of muscle contraction
- Isometric contraction
- isotonic contraction
- Concentric contraction
- Eccentric contraction
Define what is meant by the term Isometric contraction
- The muscle stays the same length (so nothing moves)
-E.G. like pulling a rope attached to a wall
Define what is meant by the term Isotonic contraction
- The muscles are changing length (something is moving)
- E.g. like if you exercise with free moving weights
What is defined by the term concentric contraction
- This occurs when a muscle contracts and shortens
- this type of movement requires the muscle to pull on a bone to cause movement.
Define the term Eccentric contraction
- This occurs when a muscle contracts and lengthens.
- This enables you to control the speed of a movement.
Do antagonistic muscles work against each other
- YES
- when one muscle contracts the other muscle relaxes
In an antagonistic pair of muscles what is the name given to the contracting muscle
- Agonist
Or - Prime mover
What is the name given to the muscle that is relaxing in an antagonistic pair of muscles
- Antagonist
How are muscles attached to bones
- Tendons
What is the antagonistic muscles at the knee
- Hamstrings and quadriceps
What is the antagonistic muscle pair at the Elbow
- Biceps and triceps
What is the antagonistic muscle pair at the hip
- hip flexors and gluteals
What is the antagonistic muscle pair at the Ankle
- gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
What muscle causes flexion and extension at the shoulder joint
- front part of deltoid (for flexion) and back part of deltoid (for extension)
What muscle pair causes adduction and abduction at the shoulder joint
- Latissimus dorsi (for adduction) and middle part of deltoid (for Abduction)
