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Exercise And Sports Physiology > Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the basic unit of skeletal muscle?

A

Muscle Fiber

Each muscle fiber is an elongated cell composed of myofibrils.

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2
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue covering muscle?

A
  • Epimysium
  • Perimysium
  • Endomysium

These connective tissues cover the entire muscle, each fascicle, and each muscle fiber respectively.

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3
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

A theory that explains muscle contraction where actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, shortening the sarcomere.

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4
Q

What are the types of muscle fibers?

A
  • Type I (Red/Slow)
  • Type IIa (Red/Fast)
  • Type IIb (White/Fast)

These classifications are based on their contraction speed and energy usage.

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5
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

The continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles, helping maintain posture.

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6
Q

What is the primary energy source for muscle contraction?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

ATP is essential for the mechanical work of muscle contraction.

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7
Q

How much body heat is produced by muscle contractions?

A

As much as 70% of body heat.

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8
Q

What are the four heart valves?

A
  • Mitral valve
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Aortic valve
  • Pulmonary valve

These valves control blood flow through the heart.

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9
Q

What is the function of the conduction system of the heart?

A

To initiate impulses and conduct them rapidly, coordinating the contractions of cardiac chambers.

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10
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The sequence of events in the heart from one heartbeat to the next, including contraction and relaxation phases.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a specialized structure that connects the sarcolemma to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

T tubule

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12
Q

What is the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction?

A

Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing a conformational change that exposes binding sites on actin.

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13
Q

True or False: Action potentials are considered an all-or-none response.

A

True

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14
Q

What are the components of a sarcomere?

A
  • A bands
  • I bands
  • H zone
  • Z line
  • M line

These structures are essential for muscle contraction and are defined by the arrangement of actin and myosin.

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15
Q

What is the importance of blood supply to the heart?

A

It provides oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, essential for its function.

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16
Q

What is the significance of the neuromuscular junction?

A

It is the site where motor neuron axon terminals communicate with muscle fibers, leading to muscle contraction.

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17
Q

What happens during the depolarization phase of an action potential?

A

Ion gates open, allowing sodium ions to enter, making the inside of the cell positive.

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18
Q

List the factors affecting heart rate.

A
  • Age
  • Fitness level
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Hormones

These factors can increase or decrease heart rate based on physiological needs.

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19
Q

What is the role of acetylcholine in muscle contraction?

A

It binds to receptors on the sarcolemma, initiating depolarization and triggering an action potential.

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20
Q

What happens during muscle fatigue?

A

Depletion of energy sources and accumulation of metabolic byproducts reduce muscle performance.

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21
Q

What occurs first in the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial contraction occurs first

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22
Q

What does the conducting system provide to the heart?

A

The automatic rhythmic beat

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23
Q

What are the two main coronary arteries that branch off from the aorta?

A

Right coronary artery and left coronary artery

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24
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The sequence of mechanical and electrical events that repeats with every heartbeat

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25
Q

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • Systole
  • Diastole
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26
Q

What is the period of contraction in the cardiac cycle called?

A

Systole

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27
Q

What is the period of relaxation in the cardiac cycle called?

A

Diastole

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28
Q

What does atrial systole contribute to the filling of the ventricles?

A

20–30 percent of filling

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29
Q

What does the term ‘atrial kick’ refer to?

A

Atrial contraction that contributes to ventricular filling

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30
Q

What is the end diastolic volume (EDV)?

A

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, approximately 130 mL in a resting adult

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31
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one contraction

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32
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated as CO = HR X SV

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33
Q

What factors can affect heart rate?

A
  • Fitness Level
  • Biological Variability
  • Acute Fatigue
  • Emotional State
  • Music
  • Chronic Fatigue/Overtraining
  • Sex
  • Environment
  • Body Position
  • Air temperature
  • Medication use
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34
Q

What is cardiac hypertrophy?

A

A thickening of the heart muscle (myocardium)

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35
Q

How does exercise affect stroke volume?

A

Stroke volume increases after an aerobic training program

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36
Q

What is capillarisation?

A

The development of the capillary network in a body part due to long-term exercise

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37
Q

What is the relationship between cardiac output and exercise?

A

Cardiac output increases during exercise due to increased heart rate and stroke volume

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38
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

The principle stating that pressure and volume have an inverse relationship

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39
Q

What occurs during inhalation?

A

Increase in lung volume leads to a decrease in lung pressure, causing air to rush in

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40
Q

What is the process of exhalation considered?

A

A passive process due to elastic recoil of the lung tissue

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41
Q

What are the two types of pleura protecting the lungs?

A
  • Visceral pleura
  • Parietal pleura
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42
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

The volume of gas inhaled or exhaled from a person’s lungs per minute

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43
Q

How is minute ventilation calculated?

A

Minute ventilation = Tidal Volume X Respiratory rate

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44
Q

What is the normal tidal volume for a 70 kg person?

A

Approximately 700 mL

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45
Q

What is hyperpnea?

A

An increase in ventilation to meet higher oxygen demands during exercise

46
Q

What are the respiratory centers located in the brainstem?

A
  • Inspiratory center
  • Expiratory center
  • Pneumotaxic center
  • Apneustic center
47
Q

What are the two categories of metabolism?

A
  • Catabolism
  • Anabolism
48
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

The biochemical pathways by which the cell obtains energy

49
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

50
Q

What are the two main categories of metabolism?

A
  • Catabolism - the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy
  • Anabolism - the synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells.
51
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

The biochemical or metabolic pathways by which the cell ultimately obtains energy.

52
Q

What are the three forms of carbohydrates supplied by foods?

A
  • Starch
  • Sugar
  • Cellulose (Fiber).
53
Q

What is the overall reaction for the combustion of glucose?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy.

54
Q

What role do proteins play in metabolism?

A

They are the main tissue builders in the body and help in cell structure, functions, and energy production.

55
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Amino acids that the human body cannot synthesize and must be obtained from the diet.

56
Q

List four essential amino acids.

A
  • Lysine
  • Tryptophan
  • Methionine
  • Leucine.
57
Q

What are the functions of fats in metabolism?

A
  • Concentrated sources of energy
  • Form cellular structure
  • Absorb fat-soluble vitamins
  • Provide reserve storage for energy.
58
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A
  • Linoleic acid
  • Linolenic acid
  • Arachidonic acid.
59
Q

Do minerals contribute directly to energy needs?

A

No, they are important as body regulators and play a role in metabolic pathways.

60
Q

Name three important minerals.

A
  • Phosphorus
  • Iron
  • Potassium.
61
Q

What is the role of vitamins in metabolism?

A

They are essential organic compounds that the human body cannot synthesize and must be included in the diet.

62
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A

The energy currency of life that stores the energy needed for cellular processes.

63
Q

What is the phosphagen system?

A

The fastest way to resynthesize ATP, predominantly used for all-out exercise lasting up to about 10 seconds.

64
Q

What is anaerobic metabolism?

A

The metabolic process that occurs without oxygen, primarily through glycolysis.

65
Q

What is VO2 max?

A

A measurement of the maximum amount of oxygen your body can absorb and use in one minute.

66
Q

What happens to VO2 max at high altitudes?

A

It drops 3 percent with each 1,000 feet of higher altitude.

67
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

The process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature.

68
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in thermoregulation?

A

It controls body temperature and triggers changes to effectors like sweat glands and muscles.

69
Q

What is the effect of high humidity on thermoregulation?

A

It reduces the effectiveness of sweating by decreasing the rate of evaporation of moisture from the skin.

70
Q

What are the physiological responses of the body in hot conditions?

A
  • Sweating for evaporative cooling
  • Arteriolar vasodilation to increase blood flow to the skin.
71
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

The process where arterioles constrict to reroute blood away from the skin and towards the core of the body.

72
Q

What is shivering?

A

A muscle response that increases heat production as respiration is an exothermic reaction.

73
Q

What are ergogenic aids?

A

Anything that gives you a mental or physical edge while exercising or competing.

74
Q

What is the effect of amphetamines on the brain?

A

They increase mental alertness and the ability to stay awake and focused.

75
Q

What are some adverse effects of amphetamines?

A

They can negatively affect the brain, central nervous system, and the user’s body.

76
Q

What is ADHD?

A

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, one of the most common childhood disorders.

77
Q

What are amphetamines used to treat?

A
  • ADHD
  • Narcolepsy
  • Chronic fatigue syndrome
78
Q

How do amphetamines affect neurotransmitters?

A

They release dopamine and norepinephrine and inhibit reuptake.

79
Q

What are some effects of amphetamines on performance?

A
  • Increased speed
  • Increased power
  • Increased endurance
  • Increased concentration
80
Q

What is a main adverse effect of amphetamine use?

A

Addiction.

81
Q

List some short-term side effects of amphetamines.

A
  • Cerebral haemorrhage
  • Confusion
  • Hypertension
  • Angina
  • Vomiting
  • Irritability
  • Insomnia
  • Dizziness
82
Q

What are anabolic steroids primarily used for?

A

To increase muscle mass and strength.

83
Q

What are some medical uses of anabolic steroids?

A
  • Hypogonadism
  • Klinefelter’s syndrome
  • Delayed puberty
  • Some forms of anemia
  • Muscular dystrophy
84
Q

What effects do anabolic steroids have on performance?

A
  • Increased muscle bulk
  • Increased muscle strength
  • Faster muscle recovery
85
Q

What are some common side effects of anabolic steroids?

A
  • Decreased sperm production
  • Increased aggression
  • Liver disorders
  • Acne
  • Gynecomastia
86
Q

What is androstenedione and its potential effect?

A

A muscle-building supplement that may increase strength.

87
Q

What is the primary function of beta-blockers?

A

To block the body’s receptors for adrenaline.

88
Q

In which sports are beta-blockers commonly used?

A

Sports requiring a steady hand, such as snooker and archery.

89
Q

What are potential side effects of beta-blockers?

A
  • Severe blood sugar changes
  • Heart failure
  • Nausea
  • Weakness
90
Q

What is choline and its role in the body?

A

A vitamin-like compound essential for normal cell function.

91
Q

What are some benefits of choline supplementation?

A
  • Reduced fatigue
  • Increased vigor before and after practices
92
Q

What is creatine’s primary benefit for athletes?

A

Improves strength and helps muscles recover during exercise.

93
Q

What is human growth hormone (hGH) and its main function?

A

Produced by the pituitary gland, essential for normal growth and development.

94
Q

List some medical uses of human growth hormone.

A
  • Dwarfism
  • Turner’s syndrome
  • Renal insufficiency
  • HIV treatment
95
Q

What are some serious side effects of hGH?

A
  • Gigantism
  • Acromegaly
  • Cardiac failure
  • Diabetes
96
Q

What are narcotics commonly used for in sports?

A

To reduce moderate to severe pain.

97
Q

What are common side effects of narcotics?

A
  • Nausea
  • Dizziness
  • Addiction
  • Mood disturbances
98
Q

What are some effects of caffeine on performance?

A
  • Improved muscle contractibility
  • Increased time to exhaustion
  • Enhanced alertness
99
Q

What are common side effects of caffeine?

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Restlessness
  • High blood pressure
100
Q

What is ephedrine used for in sports?

A

Temporary relief of shortness of breath and as a central nervous system stimulant.

101
Q

What are potential side effects of ephedrine?

A
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea
  • Nervousness
102
Q

What is cocaine’s primary medical use?

A

As a topical anesthetic in eye and nose surgery.

103
Q

What are common side effects of cocaine?

A
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Seizures
  • Confusion
104
Q

What are diuretics used for?

A

To remove excess water from the body.

105
Q

What are some side effects of cocaine?

A
  • Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
  • Cardiac arrhythmia (abnormal rhythm of the heart)
  • Cerebral haemorrhage (ruptured blood vessel in the brain)
  • Seizures (fits or convulsions)
  • Confusion, paranoia & delirium
  • Irritability & restlessness

Cocaine use can lead to severe physical and psychological effects, which may require medical attention.

106
Q

What are diuretics commonly referred to as?

A

Water pills

Diuretics help the body eliminate excess water.

107
Q

List three types of diuretics.

A
  • Furosemide
  • Chlorothiazide
  • Hydrochlorothiazide

Each type of diuretic functions differently to remove excess water from the body.

108
Q

What medical conditions are diuretics used to treat?

A
  • Hypertension (high blood pressure)
  • Oedema (fluid retention, swelling or bloating)
  • Cardiac failure
  • Liver cirrhosis

Diuretics help manage these conditions by reducing fluid overload.

109
Q

True or False: Diuretics are used to enhance athletic performance.

A

False

Diuretics can cause dehydration, negatively affecting performance.

110
Q

Fill in the blank: Diuretics are often used to lose weight rapidly in sports that require athletes to be within a _______.

A

set weight limit

This is common in sports like boxing and horse racing.

111
Q

What is a potential use of diuretics in drug testing?

A

To dilute the presence of illegal substances and aid their excretion

Athletes may misuse diuretics for this purpose.

112
Q

What are some side effects of diuretics?

A
  • Dehydration
  • Hypotension (low blood pressure)
  • Muscle cramps
  • Electrolyte disturbances
  • Muscle weakness
  • Seizures (fits/convulsions)
  • Gout
  • Fatigue
  • Calcium issues

These side effects highlight the risks associated with diuretic use.

Exercise And Sports Physiology (1 decks)

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