Skeletal and muscular systems Flashcards

1.1a content

1
Q

What are the common features of a synovial joint?

A
  1. Ligament - connects bone to bone + stabilises joint
  2. Synovial fluid - reduces friction + nourishes articulating cartilage
  3. Articular cartilage - absorbs sock + allows friction free movement
  4. Joint capsule - encloses + strengthens joint secreting synovial fluid
  5. Bursa - reduces friction between tendons and bones
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2
Q

What are the 3 planes of movement?

A
  1. Sagittal - divides body into left and right
  2. Frontal - divides body into front and back (anterior/posterior)
  3. Transverse - divides body into upper and lower
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3
Q

State and describe the 3 main joint that can be found within the body. Use practical examples in your answer

A
  1. Ball and socket joint - shoulder and hip. Flexion and extension. Abduction and abduction. Horizontal flexion and extension + medial + lateral rotation
  2. Hinge joint - elbow, knee and ankle. Flexion, extension, Doris flexion and plantar flexion
  3. Condyloid joint - wrist. Flexion, extension and addiction, abduction
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4
Q

Define the components of movement (regarding muscles)

A
  1. Agonist - a muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint, the prime mover
  2. Antagonist - a muscle the opposes the agonist, providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement.
  3. Fixator - a muscle that stabilises one part of the body while mother part moves
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5
Q

State and explain the different types of muscular contractions (include sporting examples)

A
  1. Isometric - muscles contract but don’t change in length. Eg - holding a plank position
  2. Isotonic - concentric -muscle shortens to produce tension
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5
Q

State the 5 stages of the flow diagram summarising the role of a motor unit

A
  1. Nerve impulse initiated in the motor neurone cell body
  2. Nerve impulse conduced down the axon of the motor neurone by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft
  3. Neurotransmitter called ACh is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap
  4. If the electrical charge is above the threshold the muscle fibres will contract
  5. This happens in an ‘all-or-none law’ fashion (depending whether stimulus is above threshold, all ,muscle fibres will give either a complete contraction or no contraction at all)
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6
Q

Slow oxidative muscle fibres (SO)

A

Key points -

-recruited and provide energy for sub-maximal aerobic work

-contract intermittently to give overall low force of contraction

-individual fibres will recover very quickly

Application for training and recovery -

-1:1 or 1:0.5 work:relief ratio

-training can be performed on a daily basis as fibre damage not associated with low intensity training

  • low intensity use of SO fibres in between heavy weight training to increase blood flow to muscles + recovery
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7
Q

Fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) fibres

A

Key points -

-designed to produce a large amount of force quickly

-have the capacity to resist fatigue

Application for training and recovery -

-used in high intensity activities lasting a few minutes

-examples = 800m running

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8
Q

Fast glycolytic (FG) fibres

A

Key points -

  • recruited in the last 2-10 seconds of contraction when maximal efforts are needed quickly
  • accompanied by eccentric muscle fibre damage which causes DOMS felt 24-48 hours post exercise

Application to training and recovery -

  • if used to exhaustion they take 4-10 days to recover
  • maximal weight training should leave 48 hours before using same muscle group
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9
Q

Give a sporting example for each muscle fibre

A

Slow oxidative - marathon running

Fast oxidative glycolytic - 800m running race

Fast Glycolytic - 100m sprint or javelin

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10
Q

Structural and functional characteristics of so muscle fibres

A

Structural -

  • capillary density = high
  • Mitochondria density = high
  • phosphocreatine store = low

Functional -

  • speed of contraction = low
  • force of contraction = low
  • fatigue resistance = high
  • aerobic capacity = high
  • anaerobic capacity = low
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11
Q

Structural and functional characteristics of FOG fibres

A

Structural -

  • capillary density = high

-mitochondria density = moderate

Phosphocreatine store = high

Functional -

  • contraction speed = fast
  • force of contraction = high
  • fatigue resistance = moderate
  • aerobic capacity = moderate
  • anaerobic capacity = moderate
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12
Q

Structural and functional characteristics of FG muscle fibres

A

Structural -

  • capillary density = low
  • mitochondria density = low
  • phosphocreatine store = high

Functional characteristics -

  • contraction speed = fast
  • force of contraction = high
  • fatigue resistance = low
  • aerobic capacity = low
  • anaerobic capacity = high
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12
Q
A
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