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AP1 B2 > Skeletal > Flashcards

Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Cartilage

A

Comprises parts of the skeleton where flexibility is required

Articular surfaces (smooth/low friction)

Template for bone formation

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2
Q

Consists of a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers embedded in a jelly-like ground substance of chondroitin sulfate

A

Cartilage

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3
Q

Capable of enduring more stress than either loose or dense connective tissue

A

Cartilage

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4
Q

Strength is due to collagen fibers

Resilience (plasticity) is due to chondroitin sulfate

A

cartilage

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5
Q

Cells of mature cartilage are ____, which are derived from ____

A

chondrocytes

chondroblasts

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6
Q

Chondrocytes reside in ____

A

lacunae

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7
Q

Most cartilage is covered by a dense, irregular connective tissue called ___

A

perichondrium

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8
Q

Cartilage has no blood vessels, and, except in the ____, has no nerves. It is relatively inactive, grows slowly, and heals poorly due to the lack of intrinsic blood supply and confinement of chondrocytes to lacunae

A

perichondrium

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9
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

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10
Q

____ cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage; it covers the ends of long bones and parts of the ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx.

A

Hyaline

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11
Q

Hyaline covers

A 
ends of long bones
parts of the ribs
nose
trachea
bronchi
larynx
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12
Q

_____, with its thick bundles of collagen fibers, is a very strong, tough cartilage

A

Fibrocartilage

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13
Q

_____ typically occurs as a disc-shaped segement of cartilage between bones

A

Fibrocartilage

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14
Q

____ cartilage consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers

A

Elastic

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15
Q

____ makes up the malleable part of the external ear and th epiglottis

A

Elastic

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16
Q

Bone stores ____ and _____ (minerals)

A

calcium

phosphorus

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17
Q

Yellow bone marrow is adipose connective tissue and stores _____

A

triglyceride

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18
Q

Shaft/bone

bone

A

Diaphysis

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19
Q

Distal/proximal ends

bone

A

Epiphyses

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20
Q

Where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet

bone

A

metaphyses

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21
Q

At the metaphysis of a growing bone

A

epiphyseal plate

“growth” plate

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22
Q

Articular cartilage is ____ cartilage covering the epiphyses

A

hyaline

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23
Q

dense irregular connective tissue that covers the bone (except for the articular cartilage)

A

Periosteum

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24
Q

Membrane lining the marrow cavity

A

Endosteum

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25
Q

Space inside the diaphysis

A

marrow cavity

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26
Q

Bone Matrix components

A

Water - 1/4
Collagen - 1/4
Hydroxyapatite (CALCIUM)- 1/2

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27
Q

stem cells that can divide and differentiate into osteoblasts

A

Osteogenic cells

from mesenchyme

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28
Q

secrete bone matrix; become osteocytes

A

Osteoblasts

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29
Q

mature bone cells; regulate the composition of bone matrix

A

Osteocytes

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30
Q

release enzymes that digest bone matrix for remodeling of bone

A

Osteoclasts

not in the same cell lineage

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31
Q

Histology order of bone

A

mesenchyme
Osteogenic cells
osteoblast
osteocytes

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32
Q

AKA cortical bone

A

compact

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33
Q

AKA cancellous bone, trabecular bone

A

spongy

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34
Q

Most of skeleton is ___

A

compact

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35
Q

Compact Bone contains units called ____ or Haversian systems formed from concentric lamellae (rings of calcified matrix)

A

osteons

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36
Q

between osteons are left over fragments of older osteons

A

Interstitial lamellae

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37
Q

encircle the bone beneath the periosteum

A

Outer circumferential lamellae

38
Q

encircle the medullary cavity

A

inner circumferential lamellae

39
Q

small spaces between the lamellae which house osteocytes

40
Q

small channels filled with extracellular fluid connecting the lacunae

A

canaliculi

41
Q

Blood and lymphatic vessels are found in the osteon

A

central canal

42
Q

allow transit of these vessels to the outer cortex of the bone

A

perforating (volkmann’s) canal

43
Q

Spongy bone lacks osteons. Instead, lamellae are arranged in a lattice of thin columns called

A

trabeculae

44
Q

Trabeculae of spongy bone support and protect the red bone marrow and are oriented along lines of _____ (helps bones resist stresses without breaking)

45
Q

(blood cell production) occurs in spongy bone

A

Hematopoiesis

46
Q

As in compact bone, lacunae contain osteocytes that nourish the mature bone tissue from the blood circulating through the ___

A

trabeculae

47
Q

The interior of long bones is made up primarily of ___. The use of spongy bone lessens overall bone weight

A

spongy bone

48
Q

____ or osteogenesis is the process of forming new bone

A

ossification

49
Q

Bone formation occurs in 4 situations:

A

formation of bone in an embryo

growth of bones until adulthood

remodeling of bone

repair of fractures

50
Q

Osteogenesis occurs by two different methods

A

Intra-membranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

51
Q

the simpler of the two methods

A

Intra-membranous ossification

52
Q

It is used in forming the flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicle

Bone forms from mesenchymal cells that develop within a membrane – without going through a cartilage stage (recall that mesenchyme is the tissue from which almost all other C.T. develop.)

MANY OSSIFICATION CENTERS

A

Intra-membranous ossification

53
Q

produces spongy bone

A

Intra-membranous ossification (no cartilage stage)

54
Q

is a process whereby cartilage is replaced by bone

A

Endochondral ossification

compact and spongy bone

55
Q

the method used in the formation of most bones, especially long bones

A

Endochondral ossification

56
Q

There are one primary and two secondary centers of growth

A

Endochondral ossification

57
Q

Look at slides 28-33 for endochondral ossification process

58
Q

removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts

A

bone resorption

59
Q

addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts

A

bone deposition

60
Q

If too much new tissue is formed, the bones become abnormally thick and heavy (acromegaly)

A

(acromegaly)

61
Q

They may also become too “soft”, as seen in the bone diseases rickets and ___

A

osteomalacia

62
Q

Excessive loss of calcium weakens the bones, as occurs

A

osteoporosis

63
Q

new bone is more resistant to fracture than is old bone

64
Q

First step in bone repair

A

Formation of a fx hematoma (as a result of blood vessels breaking in periosteum and osteon)

65
Q

Second/third steps in bone repair

A

Formation of callus (a few weeks)

Phagocytes removes cellular debris

Fibroblasts deposit collagen to form a fibrocartilaginous callus which is followed by osteoblasts forming a bony callus of spongy bone

66
Q

Final step of bone repair

A

(“remodeling” several months) spongy bone replaced by compact bone.

67
Q

stimulates activity of osteoblasts

68
Q

needed for synthesis of collagen

69
Q

essential to healthy bones because it promotes the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood

70
Q

needed for synthesis of bone proteins

A

Vitamins K and B12

71
Q

required for many important activities; for example, synaptic transmission, muscle contraction, and blood clotting

72
Q

Promotes resorption of bone matrix

Prevents loss of calcium in the urine

Promotes vitamin D (calcitriol) formation

A

Parathyroid hormone

73
Q

promotes intestinal absorption of calcium

A

Calcitriol (vitamin D)

74
Q

produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption

A

calcitonin

75
Q

Slide 45 for calcium feedback loop

76
Q

point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bone and a tooth

77
Q

thin layer of fibrous connective tissue

A

sutures

Fibrous joint

78
Q

more space than a suture; more fibrous connective tissue

A

Syndesmoses

Fibrous joint

79
Q

teeth in sockets of upper and lower jaw

A

Gomphoses

Fibrous joint

80
Q

Bones attached by fibrous connective tissue with little movement

A

Fibrous joint

NOT fibrocartilage

81
Q

Interosseous membrane

A

syndesmoses

82
Q

Joint components connected by cartilage

-Fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

-No synovial cavity
Little or no movement

A

cartilaginous joint

83
Q

AKA primary cartilaginous joints: hyaline cartilage connecting bones; cartilage may ossify with age

A

synchondrases

epiphyseal plate

84
Q

AKA secondary cartilaginous joints: fibrocartilage connecting bones

A

Symphyses

pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, manubriosternal joint

85
Q

Most movable with articular capsule (dense irregular/regular) and synovial membrane, which lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

A

synovial joint

86
Q

viscous, clear fluid; lubricates, allows diffusion of nutrient and wastes

A

Synovial fluid

87
Q

covers epiphyses of bone; not covered by synovial membrane

A

Articular cartilage

88
Q

Synovial joints MAY contain articular discs

A

aka menisci

89
Q

Adult rickets

A

osteomalacia

90
Q

disease (in children) growing bone becomes soft and easily deforms. Bone fails to ossify at epiphyseal plate reuslting in bowed lgs,deformities of skuill, ribs, pelvies

91
Q

occurs when new bone fails to clacify during remodeling

A

osteomalacia

AP1 B2 (5 decks)

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