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Embryology > Skeletal > Flashcards

Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

This type of ossification occurs rapidly in to keep up with the rapid growth of the fetus

A

Inter-cartilagenous or Endochondral Ossification

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2
Q

What are the two types of ossification that takes place in the skull?

A

Neurochondrocranium and Neuromembranocranium

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3
Q

Where does neurochondrocranium ossification take place?

A

2 pairs of nasals, 1 pair trabeculae cranii, 1 pair orbitals, 1 pair temporals, single hypophyseal, single parachordal, 1 pair otics, 4 singel occipital

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4
Q

Neuromembranocranium ossification forms what structures?

A

2 Frontals, 2 Parietals, 1 Vomer, 2 nasals, 2 lacrimals

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5
Q

What fontanelle is formed from the frontal, coronal and saggital suture

A

Anterior Fontanelle

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6
Q

When should the anterior fontanelle be closed by?

A

2nd year

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7
Q

What sutures surround the posterior fontanelle and by what age should it be closed?

A

Lamboid suture and sagittal suture, 2-3 months

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8
Q

What fontanelle is located between the occipital bone and parietal bones? When should it be closed?

A

Posterolateral fontanelle

2-3 months

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9
Q

What fontanelle is located ant the junction of the frontal, parietal, and temporal bone? When should it be closed?

A

Anterolateral Fontanelle

End of first year

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10
Q

What bone structures are formed from the 1st arch?

A

Palate, maxilla, Meckel’s Cartilage, incus, and malleus

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11
Q

What is the endochondral ossification that is composed of replacing bone?

A

Splanchnochondrocranium

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12
Q

What type of ossification is Splanchnomembrocranium? Wtat type of bone is it composed of?

A

Intramembranous Ossification

Composed of membrane bones

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13
Q

What is modified tissue in the vertebral disc?

A

Nucleus Pulposus

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14
Q

What type of malformation has abnormal deveopment of cartilage, Disportionate growth patterns, and is mostly autosomal dominate?

A

Chordrodystrophies

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15
Q

An individual who is small in stature has craniofacial megalocephaly, lumbarlordosis, and short tubular bone is likely suffering from?

A

Anchondroplasia Syndrom

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16
Q

This isa mild from of achondroplasia that can result in small stature, bowed lower limbs and lumbar lordosis

A

Hypochondroplasia

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17
Q

In Mucopolysaccaridosis syndrom there is an accumulation of what in the nervous system?

A

Lipids and mucopollysaccharides in the mesenchyme

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18
Q

Type I of mucopollysaccharidosis is commonly known as what? What is deficient in the body?

A

Hurlers

Alpha-L Idurinidase

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19
Q

What type of spina bifida is difficult to diagnose without the use of imaging?

A

Oculta

20
Q

What structures are located in the the opening in Spina Bifida Cystica- Meningocele

A

Meninges

21
Q

Spina bifida that contains meninges and spinal cord

A

Meningemyocoele

22
Q

What is the generic term for a premature closure of the sutures in the skull

A

Craniostenosis

23
Q

Condition of symmetrical premature closing of sutures

A

Oxycephaly

24
Q

The premature fusion of 2 frontal bones at the metatopic suture

A

Trigoncephaly

25
Q

Asymetrical closure of closure of suture

A

Plagiocephaly

26
Q

What is congenital scoliosis

A

An abnormal curvature (numerrical or morphological) determined by Cobb Angle

27
Q

What is the premature closing of sagittal sutures?

A

Scaphocephaly

28
Q

What condition is the result of closing of the coronal suture?

A

Acrocephaly

29
Q

This type of Thalidomoid baby is born without limbs

A

Amelia

30
Q

Meromelia will result in the reduction of what?

A

Distal limbs

31
Q

The absence or reduction of proximal limbs

A

Phocomelia

32
Q

What is the condition where ther is a presence of extra digits?

A

Polydactyly

33
Q

How would you describe the condition of syndactyly

A

Autosomal condition that has to deal with the fusion of digits

34
Q

An indiviadual has short digits would be considered what condition?

A

Brachydactyly

35
Q

What is a small dorsal division that forms the extensor muscles of the vertebral column

A

Epimere (epiaxial)

36
Q

What is the large ventral division that gives rise to muscles of limbs and body wall?

A

Hypomere (hypaxial)

37
Q

T or F

Muscle fibers can change direction in the growth process?

A

True (example Flexor digitorum longus)

38
Q

Give an example of a muscle whose myotome fuses together

A

Rectus Abdominis

39
Q

What cranial nerve innervates arch 1

A

Cranial Nerve 5 (trigeminal)

40
Q

What CN innervates arch 2

A

C.N. 7 (Facial)

41
Q

What arch does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?

A

Arch 3

42
Q

What C.N innervates arch 4 & 6?

A

C.N 10 (Vagus) & 12 (hypoglossal)

43
Q

A congenital malformation with distended aplasia of the abdominal musculature?

A

Prune Belly

44
Q

What muscle is most frequent unilateral defect?

A

Pectoralis

45
Q

What condition occurs when the sternocleidomastoid becomes fibrous?

A

Congenital torticollis

Embryology (2 decks)

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