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Anaphy Lecture > Skeletal > Flashcards

Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

is an organ made up of several different tissues working together

A

Bone

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2
Q

Different bone tissues

A

bone tissue
cartilage
dense connective tissue
epithelium
adipose tissue
nervous tissue

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3
Q

Bone tissue is also known as?

A

Osseous

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4
Q

The entire framework of bones and their cartilages is called?

A

Skeletal system

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5
Q

The study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders is referred to as?

A

Osteology

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6
Q

Skeletal System: Functions

A

•Support
-structural framework

•Protection
-protects the most important internal organs

•Assistance in movement
-muscles attach to bones

•Mineral homeostasis (storage and release)
-It stores several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus

•Blood cell production
-Red bone marrow-Hemopoiesis- blood making (RBC,WBC, and platelets)

•Triglyceride storage
-Yellow bone marrow (adipose cells store triglycerides)

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7
Q

is one that has greater length than width.

A

Long bone

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8
Q

growing between) is the bone’s shaft or body-the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone.

A

Diaphysis

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9
Q

growing over; are the proximal and distal ends of the bone.

A

Epiphysis

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10
Q

are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses.

A

Metaphysis

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11
Q

are the proximal and distal ends of the bone.

A

Epiphyses

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12
Q

are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses.

A

Metaphyses

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13
Q

is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone.

A

Articular cartilage

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14
Q

is a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage.

A

Periosteum

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15
Q

Also known as marrow cavity, is a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults.

A

Medullary cavity

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16
Q

is a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity. It contains a single layer of bone-forming cells and a small amount of connective tissue.

A

Endosteum

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17
Q

is about 15% water, 30% collagen fibers, and 55% crystallized mineral salts.

A

Extracellular matrix

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18
Q

The most abundant mineral salt is calcium phosphate

A

Extracellular matrix

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19
Q

It combines with another mineral salt, calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], to form crystals of what?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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20
Q

minerals crystallize and the tissue hardens.

A

Calcification

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21
Q

It is initiated by bone-building cells called

A

Osteoblasts

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22
Q

Bone’s hardness depends on the?

A

crystallized inorganic mineral salts

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23
Q

Bone’s flexibility depends on its?

A

collagen fibers

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24
Q

When the need for particular minerals arises or as part of bone formation or breakdown, bone cells called

A

Osteoclasts

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25
Q

secrete enzymes and acids that break down both the mineral salts and the collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix of bone.

A

Osteoclasts

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26
Q

a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length

A

Epiphyseal plate or growth plate

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27
Q

unspecialized bone stem cells derived from mesenchyme (the tissue from which almost all connective tissues are formed)

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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28
Q

They are the only bone cells to undergo cell division; the resulting cells develop into osteoblasts.

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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29
Q

A type of cell that are found along the inner portion of the periosteum, in the endosteum, and in the canals within bone that contain blood vessels.

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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30
Q

bone-building cells.

A

Osteoblasts

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31
Q

They synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue, and they initiate calcification.

A

Osteoblasts

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32
Q

surround themselves with extracellular matrix, they become trapped in their secretions and become osteocytes

A

Osteoblasts

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33
Q

mature bone cells

A

Osteocytes

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34
Q

are the main cells in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism, such as the exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood.

A

Osteocytes

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35
Q

Like osteoblasts, this cell do not undergo cell division

A

Osteocytes

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36
Q

huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell) and are concentrated in the endosteum.

A

Osteoclasts

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37
Q

breakdown of bone extracellular matrix (process)

A

Bone resorption

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38
Q

about 80% of the skeleton is?

A

compact bone

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39
Q

about 20% of the skeleton is?

A

Spongy bone

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40
Q

strongest form of bone tissue.

A

Compact bone tissue

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41
Q

Found beneath the periosteum of all bones and makes up the bulk of the diaphyses of long bones.

A

Compact bone tissue

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42
Q

Provides protection and support and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement.

A

Compact bone tissue

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43
Q

Composed of repeating structural units called

A

Osteon

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44
Q

Osteons or also called?

A

haversian systems

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45
Q

It is a circular plates

A

Concentric lamellae

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46
Q

Between the concentric lamellae are small spaces.

A

Lacunae

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47
Q

Lacunae contain ___ ?

A

Osteocytes

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48
Q

small channels that are filled with extracellular fluid.

A

Canaliculi

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49
Q

It is a trabecular or cancellous bone tissue

A

Spongy bone tissue

50
Q

A bone tissue that does not contain osteons

A

Spongy bone tissue

51
Q

A type of tissue that always located in the interior of a bone, protected by a covering of compact bone.

A

Spongy bone tissue

52
Q

Spongy bone tissue consists of lamellae that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns called

A

Trabeculae

53
Q

filled with red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow (in other bones).

A

Macroscopic spaces

54
Q

blood cell production occurs in adults.

A

Hemopoiesis

55
Q

enter the diaphysis through many interosteonic canals and supply the periosteum and outer part of the compact bone.

A

Periosteal arteries

56
Q

passes through a hole in compact bone called the nutrient foramen

A

Nutrient artery

57
Q

enter the metaphyses of a long bone

A

Metaphyseal arteries

58
Q

enter the epiphyses of a long bone

A

Epiphyseal arteries

59
Q

is the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.

A

Bone remodeling

60
Q

the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts

A

Bone resorption

61
Q

the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts.

A

Bone deposition

62
Q

consists primarily of water, which accounts for its resilience, contains no nerves or blood vessels, and surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue, the perichondrium

A

Cartilage

63
Q

three types of cartilage tissue in the body:

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrocartilage
64
Q

look like frosted glass when freshly exposed, provide support with flexibility and resilience, and Chondrocytes are spherical

A

Hyaline cartilages

65
Q

which cover the ends of most bones at movable joints

A

Articular cartilages

66
Q

which connect the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)

A

Costal cartilages

67
Q

which form the skeleton of the larynx (voicebox) and reinforce other respiratory passageways

A

Respiratory cartilages

68
Q

which support the external nose

A

Nasal cartilages

69
Q

cartilage that can be found in the external ear

A

Elastic cartilage

70
Q

the flap that bends to cover the opening of the larynx each time we swallow

A

epiglottis

71
Q

highly compressible with great tensile strength and it consist of roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers

A

Fibrocartilage

72
Q

Location of fibrocartilage

A

•padlike cartilages (menisci) of the knee discs •between vertebrae

73
Q

Cartilage grows in two ways:

A
  1. appositional growth
  2. interstitial growth
74
Q

cartilage-forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue

A

appositional growth

75
Q

the lacunae bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.

A

interstitial growth

76
Q

How many bones does normal human have?

A

206 bones

77
Q

Human skeleton is divided into 2 groups, what are those?

A

•Axial
•Appendicular

78
Q

forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column and rib cage protect, support, or carry other body parts.

A

Axial

79
Q

consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones) and it help us move from place to place (locomotion) and manipulate our environment.

A

Appendicular

80
Q

Different shape of bones:

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Irregular bones
  5. Sutural bones
  6. Sesamoid bones
81
Q

longer than they are wide, has a shaft plus two ends which are often expanded
(bone shape)

A

Long bones

82
Q

roughly cube shaped; almost as wide as they are long(bone shape)

A

Short bones

83
Q

thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved
(Bone shape)

A

Flat bones

84
Q

have complicated shapes(bone shape)

A

Irregular bones

85
Q

also known as Wormian bones; occur where the interlocking joints of the skull, called sutures, branch and isolate a small piece of bone. (Bone shape)

A

Sutural bones

86
Q

A type of bone that is a small bone commonly found embedded within a muscle or tendon near joint surfaces.

A

Sesamoid bones

87
Q

Functions of Bones:

A
  1. Support.
  2. Protection.
  3. Movement.
  4. Mineral and growth factor storage.
  5. Blood cell formation.
  6. Triglyceride (fat) storage.
  7. Hormone production.
88
Q

external layer (bone texture)

A

Compact bone

89
Q

internal layer made up of honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae (bone texture)

A

Spongy bone

90
Q

Spongy bone’s internal layer made up of honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces called ____?

A

trabeculae

91
Q

The shaft. Surrounds a central medullary cavity, contains yellow marrow in adults

A

Diaphysis

92
Q

bone ends. articular (hyaline) cartilage covers the joint surface of each, this Grows separately from the shaft

A

Epiphysis

93
Q

A glistening white, double-layered membrane, covers the external surface except joints

A

Periosteum

94
Q

covers internal bone surfaces and it contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells

A

Endosteum

95
Q

(hematopoietic) within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and flat bones

A

Red marrow

96
Q

(fats) in the medullary cavity

A

Yellow marrow

97
Q

A unit of bone

A

Osteon (Haversian System)

98
Q

Opening in the center of an osteon and it Carries blood vessels and nerves

A

Central (Haversian) canal

99
Q

Canal perpendicular to the central canal

A

Perforating (Volkman’s) canal

100
Q

looks like a poorly organized, even haphazard, tissue

A

Spongy bone

101
Q

contain irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi. No osteons are present.

A

Trabeculae

102
Q

-cell
-osteoid, the organic part of the matrix
ground substance (composed of proteoglycans and glycoproteins)
-collagen fiber

A

Organic compound

103
Q

mineral salts, largely calcium phosphates

A

Inorganic compounds

104
Q

Two types of bone development

A
  1. Endochondral ossification
  2. Intramembranous ossification
105
Q

a bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage.

A

Endochondral ossification

106
Q

a bone develops from a fibrous membrane and the bone is called a membrane bone.

A

Intramembranous ossification

107
Q

Except for the clavicles, essentially all bones below the base of the skull form by __?

A

Endochondral ossification

108
Q

forms the cranial bones of the skull (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal bones) and the clavicles

Begins about week 8 of development

A

Intramembranous ossification

109
Q

chondroblasts divide less often and the plates become thinner and thinner until they are entirely replaced by bone tissue

A

epiphyseal plate closure

110
Q

negative feedback hormonal loop that maintains Ca2+ homeostasis in the blood

A

Control of remodelling

111
Q

Response to Mechanical Stress and holds that a bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it.

A

Wolff’s law

112
Q

sustained high blood levels of Ca2+ can lead to undesirable deposits of calcium salts in the blood vessels, kidneys, and other soft organs, which may hamper their function

A

Hypercalcemia

113
Q

determine whether and when remodeling occurs in response to changing blood calcium levels.

A

Hormonal controls

114
Q

determines where remodeling occurs.

A

Mechanical stress

115
Q

the physician’s hands coax the bone ends into position

A

closed (external) reduction

116
Q

the bone ends are secured together surgically with pins or wires

A

open (internal) reduction

117
Q

includes a number of disorders in which the bones are poorly mineralized

A

Osteomalacia (“soft bones”)

118
Q

characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption

A

Paget’s Disease

119
Q

-refers to a group of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit
-bones become so fragile
-bone mass declines and the bones become porous and light

A

Osteoporosis

120
Q

decrease osteoclast activity and number, and partially reverse osteoporosis in the spine.

A

Bisphosphonates

121
Q

drugs used to lower cholesterol levels, have an unexpected side effect of increasing bone mineral density up to 8% over four years

A

statins

122
Q

monoclonal antibody drug _____ significantly reduces fractures in men fighting prostate cancer and improves bone density in the elderly.

A

denosumab

Anaphy Lecture (2 decks)

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