Skeletal Flashcards
Classification of Joints
Functions of joints
hold allow
Hold bones together
Allow for mobility
Epiphyseal line
- Remains of the epiphyseal plate
- Seen in adult bones
Bone Fractures
Fracture
break
break in a bone
Homeostatic Imbalance
Osteoporosis
bone thinning, makes, vertebral collape, estrogen
Bone-thinning disease
makes bones fragile
Vertebral collapse results in kyphosis
Estrogen aids in health and normal density of a female skeleton
concentric lamallae
surround haversion canals and allows for vessels to pass through
carpals and tarsals
short bone
Bone Formation and Growth
Appositional growth
growth, controlled by which hormone
growth in diameter
Controlled by growth hormone
Classification of Joints
Two ways joints are classified
fs
Functionally – amount of movement joint allows
Structurally – type of tissue
holes are filled with _ and allow for _ and _ to pass
red bone marrow and arteries and veins
anatomy of long bone
Diaphysis
sh, makes up, composed
Shaft
Makes up most of bone’s length
Composed of compact bone
Bone Formation and Growth
Ossification
process, occurs
Process of bone formation
Occurs on hyaline cartilage models or fibrous membranes
Short bones
cube, include bones of wri,ank , ex car tar
Generally cube-shaped
Include bones of the wrist and ankle
Ex. Carpals & Tarsals
Structural Classes of Joints
Synovial Joints
articulatingB joint cavity, synovial fluid, diath
Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
Diathroses
Classification of bones
long, short, flat, irregular
functions of bone
Framework
Protection
Attached skeletal muscles
Mineral & Fat storage
Hematopoiesis
ss, soft, for, cal fatC, bloodRBM
provides shape and support
for soft body organs i.e Skull –brain; rib cage - lungs
for movement
Calcium and Phosphate, fat in the internal marrow cavity
blood cell formation within red bone marrow
Repair of Bone Fractures
two: Fibrocartilage callus forms
made of. splint
made of fibrous tissue and cartilage. This acts as a splint to close up the gap which has occurred in the broken bone
Two basic types of bone (osseous) tissue
Compact bone
Spongy bone
DSH, small needle many space
Dense, smooth, and homogeneous
Small needle-like pieces of bone. Many open spaces
Microscopic Structure
Osteon (Haversian system)
unitB containing CC and MR
A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings
synovial joints
Four distinguishing features of synovial joints
articular, acapsule, jointC, reinforcing
Articular cartilage
Articular capsule
Joint cavity
Reinforcing ligaments
Anatomy of a Long Bone
Epiphysis
ends, composed spongy enclosed by thin
Ends of the bone
Composed mostly of spongy bone enclosed by thin layer of compact bone
Two subdivisions of the skeleton?
aa
Axial and Appendicular
Include bones of the wrist and ankle
short bone
Irregular bones
irregular sh, ex vsc
irregular shape
Ex. Vertebrae & Sacrum/Coccyx
periostium- anatomy of long bone
Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers
secure
secure periosteum to underlying bone
Microscopic Structure
Central (Haversian) canal
opening,runs,carries
Opening in the center of an osteon
Runs lengthwise through bone
Carries blood vessels and nerves
Anatomy of a Long Bone
Marrow (medullary) cavity
cavity, contains, contains
Cavity inside the shaft
Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
Contains red marrow for blood cell formation in infants
Bone Formation and Growth
Epiphyseal plates are converted to
boneA, epiphyseal, length ends
bone during adolescence to form epiphyseal line. bone length then ends
Microscopic Structure
Osteocytes
Lacunae
Lamellae
situated, are arranged, are rings
situated within cavities known as lacunae
Lacunae are arranged in concentric rings called lamellae
Lamellae are rings situated around the central (Haversian) canal
Homeostatic Imbalances
Sprains
Dislocations
and
ligament, bones, frac
Ligament of a joint is stretched or torn
Bones are forced out of their normal position
Fracture
Types of Synovial Joints
- Ball and socket
- Pivot
- Saddle
- Hinge
- Plane
- Condylar
1.hipS, 2.skulltV, 3.thu, 4.kep, 5.tcv, 6.phal
- hip and shoulder
- skull to Vertebra
- thumb
- knee, elbow, phalanges
- tarsals, carpals, vertebra
- phalanges
Curvatures of Spine
Primary
Secondary
Abnormal
present, associated, congen
present at birth and are convex posteriorly
associated with a child’s later development and are convex anteriorly
congenital
Repair of Bone Fractures
three: Bony callus (made of spongy bone) replaces the fibrocartilage callus
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the bony callus
Parts of the skeletal system include
bjcl
Bones
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments
Homeostatic Imbalances
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
autoimmune, attacks, symptoms bilateral, often leads to
An autoimmune disease—the immune system attacks the joints
Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
Often leads to deformities
Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture
break not
break that does not penetrate the skin
Types of bone fractures
Open (compound) fracture
broken bone
broken bone penetrates through the skin
All of the bones of the limbs (except wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones) are
long bones
Two basic types of bone (osseous) tissue
cs
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Anatomy of a Long Bone
In adults, red marrow is situated in
cavities of __ bone, epiphyses
cavities of spongy bone and epiphyses of some long bones
Repair of Bone Fractures
four: Bone remodeling occurs and it will eventually form a
strong
strong permanent patch at the fracture site.
short bones
Sesamoid bones
ten, ex p
a type of short bone that form within tendons (ex. patella)
Trabecullae
Calcified portion of spongy bone that resist compression
Repair of Bone Fractures
one: Hematoma
blood
(blood-filled swelling) is formed
Bone Formation and Growth
By birth, most cartilage is converted to bone except for two regions in a long bone:
New cartilage is formed continuously on external face of these two cartilages
Old cartilage is broken down and replaced by bony matrix
art, epi
Articular cartilages
Epiphyseal plates
longitudal growth
growth in length
controlled by growth hormone
femur and humerous
long bone
Structural Classes of Joints
Fibrous joints: united by fibrous tissue
no, lig, suture of, syna
No cavity is present
Ligaments: attach bone to bone
Suture joints of the skull
Synarthroses (immoveable)
Cartilaginous Joints
Costal cartilage connects
ribs to sternum
Long bones
longer, shaft with heads, except wak(c), ex fe hu
longer > wide
Shaft with heads situated at both ends
All of the bones of the limbs (except wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones) are long bones
Ex. Femur & humerus
cancellous bone
spongy, protects bone from compression, spaces filled with red marrow
Bone Remodeling
Hypercalcemia
high, initiates
(high blood calcium levels) initiates calcium storage into bones
Anatomy of a Long Bone
Articular cartilage
covers, made, decreases
Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Made of hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction at joint surfaces
Bone Remodeling
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
releasedL, activates, osteoclasts break down release
Released when blood calcium levels are low (inc blood calcium)
Activates osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells)
Osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium ions into the blood
Vertebrae & Sacrum/Coccyx
Irregular bones
Functions of bone?
fpamh
Framework
Protection
Attached skeletal muscles
Mineral & Fat storage
Hematopoiesis
Flat bones
tfc, ex srsp
Thin, flattened, and curved
Ex. Skull, Ribs, Sternum & Pelvis
Homeostatic Imbalances
Osteoarthritis (OA)
common, related age
Most common chronic arthritis
Related to normal aging processes
Skull, Ribs, Sternum & Pelvis
Flat bones
anatomy of long bone
Periosteum
outside covering of , fibrous C
Outside covering of the diaphysis
Fibrous connective tissue membrane
Functional Classification of Joints
Arthro: means joint
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
isf
immovable joints
slightly movable
freely movable
Bone Remodeling
Bones are remodeled throughout life in response to two factors:
blood, pull
Blood calcium levels
Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton, especially when exercising
Homeostatic Imbalances
Bursitis
Tendonitis
Arthritis
bursa caused, tendon, degenrative
inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction
inflammation of tendon sheaths
inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
Bone Formation and Growth
Growth of long bone involves two major phases
vocab, enclosed
Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells
Enclosed cartilage model is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity
interstitral lamellae
extra support, fill space between osteon
Epiphyseal plate
- Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone
- Causes lengthwise growth of a long bone
Structural Classes of Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
united, no, amph
United by cartilage, no cavity is present
Amphiarthroses
Cartilaginous Joints
Symphysis
cartilage in pubic, discs
cartilage in the pubic symphysis, and intervertebral discs
