Skeletal Flashcards
What is anatomy?
The study of external and internal structures and the physical relationships between body parts.
What is the anatomical position?
Person facing forward, feet together and palms facing forward.
What area is indicated in the cephalic anatomical region?
Head
What area is indicated in the cervical anatomical region?
Neck
What area is indicated in the thoracic anatomical region?
Chest
What area is indicated in the brachial anatomical region?
Segment of the upper limb, closest to trunk; the arm
What area is indicated in the ante brachial anatomical region?
Forearm
What area is indicated in the carpal anatomical region?
Wrist
What area is indicated in the manual anatomical region?
Hand
What area is indicated in the abdominal anatomical region?
Abdomen
What area is indicated in the pelvic anatomical region?
Pelvis (in general)
What area is indicated in the pubic anatomical region?
Anterior pelvis
What area is indicated in the inguinal anatomical region?
Groin (crease between thigh and trunk)
What area is indicated in the lumbar anatomical region?
Lower back
What area is indicated in the gluteal anatomical region?
Ass
What area is indicated in the femoral anatomical region?
Thigh
What area is indicated in the patellar anatomical region?
Kneecap
What area is indicated in the crural anatomical region?
Leg, from knee to ankle
What area is indicated in the sural anatomical region?
Calf
What area is indicated in the tarsal anatomical region?
Ankle
What area is indicated in the pedal anatomical region?
Foot
What area is indicated in the plantar anatomical region?
Sole region of foot
What region does the directional term anterior refer to?
The front; before
What region does the directional term ventral refer to?
Belly side, equivalent to ventral in terms of the human body.
What region does the directional term posterior refer to?
The back; behind
What region does the directional term dorsal refer to?
The back, equivalent to posterior in terms of human body.
What region does the directional term cranial/cephalic refer to?
Towards head
What region does the directional term superior refer to?
Above; at a higher level (toward head in human body)
What region does the directional term inferior/caudal refer to?
Below; at a lower level; toward feet; toward tail/coccyx
What region does the directional term medial refer to?
Toward midline, longitudinal axis of body
What region does the directional term lateral refer to?
Away from midline, longitudinal axis of body
What region does the directional term proximal refer to?
Toward an attached base
What region does the directional term distal refer to?
Away from an attached base
What region does the directional term superficial refer to?
At, near, or relatively close to body surface
What region does the directional term deep refer to?
Toward interior of the body, father from surface
How does the sagittal plane divide the body?
Divides it into left and right sections length wise.
What does midsagittal/median sagittal mean?
Sections are equal or have bilateral symmetry
What does parasagittal mean?
Sections are unequal or do not have bilateral symmetry
How does the coronal/frontal plane divide the body?
Divides it into anterior and posterior sections, no bilateral symmetry.
How does the transverse plane divide the body?
It crosses the body perpendicular to its long axis. This is the only plane of dissection that is perpendicular to the long axis.
What are the four primary tissue types?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
What is the definition of epithelium?
A sheet of cells that covers exposed surfaces and separates the outside environment from the inside.
What are 6 general characteristics of epithelia?
Cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascular, arranged as sheet, regeneration
Stratified means…
more than one cell layer
Squamous refers to what type of cell shape?
Flat
Cuboidal refers to what type of cell shape?
Box-like
Columnar refers to what type of cell shape?
elongated
Where do exocrine glands discharge secretions? What about endocrine glands?
Onto a body surface
Into body fluids
Exocrine glands are classified by the type of secretion they produce. How are serous secretions described? Mucous?
Watery
Mucousy, thick
What type of secretions do sweat glands produce? What about sebaceous glands?
Watery
Oily
What are the three modes of secretion that exocrine glands can have? How do they differ from each other?
Eccrine - release through exocytosis
Apocrine - release through loss of cytoplasm, cell lives
Holocrine - release through rupture of cell, cell dies
What are three GENERAL components of connective tissues?
Specialized cells, protein fibres, ground substance (fluid, gel, or mineral)
What type of connective tissue fibres are long, cylindrical and made up of three subunits coiled around each other?
Collagen fibers
What type of connective tissue fibres are made up of a single unit of collagen proteins?
Reticular fibers
What type of connective tissue fibres contain the protein elastin?
Elastic fibers
What is the most abundant protein in the human body?
Collagen
What type of connective tissue creates an open framework and acts as the body’s “packing material”?
Loose connective tissue
There are three types of loose connective tissue, what are they?
Aerolar, reticular, and adipose
What type of connective tissue is made up of closely packed fibres?
Dense connective tissue
What type of dense connective tissue contains fibres orientated along the same axis?
Regular
What type of dense connective tissue contains fibres that are disoriented?
Irregular
What is the integument composed of?
Skin, hair, nails, sweat, oil, and mammary glands.
Skin, aka the cutaneous membrane, has two subdivisions. What are they?
Epidermis and dermis
What is the classification of the epithelial cells of the epidermis? (simple, stratified, squamous..etc.)
Stratified squamous epithelium
What layer is below the dermis?
The hypodermis, aka subcutaneous layer
The epidermis is composed of 4 cell types, what are they?
Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and langerhans cells
What is the most abundant cell type in the epidermis?
Keratinocytes
How many layers of epithelial cells are in thin skin? What about thick skin?
4 layers
5 layers
What are the 5 epidermal layers? Which layer is only in thick skin?
Stratum basale/germinativum, stratum spinous, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick), stratum corner
What are epidermal ridges? What layer of the epidermis are they located on?
They project inwards and are in the layer stratum basale, forms the interface between epidermis and dermal.
What are dermal papillae?
They fit between the epidermal ridges and increase surface contact area.
Where are melanocytes located?
stratum basale/germinativum, spinosum, and granulosum.
The dermis has two layers, what are they?
Papillary and reticular
What layer of the dermis contains loose connective tissue and is a neuromuscular supply for the epidermis?
The papillary layer
What layer of the dermis contains dense irregular connective tissue and contains accessory structures of the integument?
Reticular layer
What type of connective tissue is in the hypodermis?
Loose connective tissue
What does the term fascia mean?
sheet or layer of connective tissue
What is the cutaneous plexus?
Network of blood vessels in the hypodermis that supply the dermis and epidermis via the papillary plexus
What does the term plexus mean?
interwoven network
Where do hair follicles lie?
In the dermis and hypodermis
There are two primary types of exocrine glands, what are they?
Sebaceous and sweat glands
What do sebaceous glands secrete and what is their mode of secretion?
Oily secretions, sebum
Holocrine, cell ruptures
There are two types of sweat glands, what are they?
Apocrine and eccrine/merocrine
What do apocrine sweat glands secrete and what is their mode of secretion?
Cloudy, smelly secretion that includes pheromones.
They have an ECCRINE mode of secretion
What is the mode of secretion of eccrine/merocrine sweat glands?
Eccrine/merocrine
What mode of secretion do mammary glands use?
Apocrine
What are the wax secreting glands in the ears called?
Ceruminous glands
What primary germ layer is most of the skeleton derived from?
Mesoderm. Parts of skull are from ectoderm.
What are the three specialized cells of bone?
Ostoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
What are the mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue? What structure are they enclosed in?
Osteocytes
Lacunae
What is the structure in bone used as a route of communicated between cells?
Canaliculi
What are the immature, active cells of bone? Where are they found? What do they do?
Osteoblasts.
Found on inner and outer surfaces of bones.
They produce osteoid which mineralizes to create new bone.
What cells divide and differentiate to form new osteoblasts?
Osteoprogenitor cells
What are the giant multinucleate cells that perform osteolysis?
Osteoclasts
What are the two major arrangements of bone tissue?
Compact/Cortical and Spongy/Trabecular/Cancellous
What is the primary structural unit of compact bone?
Osteon/Haversian System
What is sponger/trabecular/cancellous bone comprised of?
Interconnected plates and rods of bone.
What is the outer covering of bone called?
Periosteum
What is the inner lining of bone called?
Endosteum
What is the medullary cavity?
It is the centre of the bone and is filled with bone marrow.
What are the two different ways bone forms?
Intramembranous ossification/Dermal bone formation and Endochondral ossification.
What process of bone formation requires a cartilage precursor?
Endochondral ossification
What does ‘physis’ mean?
Growth plate
What is diaphysis?
It lies between two physes
What is epiphysis?
Lies beyond the physis
What is metaphysics?
Region directly adjacent to the physis, on the diaphysial side.
What are ‘soft spots’ called? What is their purpose?
Fontanels
They allow flexibility during birth and facilitate rapid growth of the brain and skull
What are primary osteons? Secondary osteons?
Osteons developed during growth.
Osteons developed during tissue turnover/replacement of existing bone. (AKA remodelling)
What are the mature cells of cartilage?
Chondrocytes
What is the cartilage that resists compressive forces? It had a glass appearance.
Hyaline cartilage
What type of cartilage that is located in areas of high stress and has little ground substance but lots of collagen fibres?
Fibrocartilage
What separates cartilage from surrounding tissue and acts as a route for vasculature to provide cartilage with nutrients?
Perichondrium
What is another word for immovable joints?
Synarthroses
What type of joint is a suture?
Sutures are synarthroses (immovable)
What is a gomphosis?
Joint between a tooth and an alveolar fossa. (Immovable)
What type of ligament holds the tooth to the bone in the gomphosis?
Periodontal ligaments
What is a synchrondrosis?
A type of synarthroses (immovable joint) in which hyaline cartilage separates the ends of the bones involved in the joint
What is a synostosis?
A type of synarthroses (immovable join) that occurs if bones fuse together to form one bone.
What is another word for slightly movable joints?
Amphiarthroses
What is a syndesmosis?
A type of amphiarthrose that is a ligamentous joint that allows little movement.
What is a symphysis?
A type of amphiarthrose that connect bones using a fibrocartilage pad
What is another word for freely movable joints?
Diarthroses
What is a synovial joint?
A type of diarthrose that is typically found at the ends of long bones
What are the 6 basic characteristics of the synovial joint? (This is a diarthroses - freely movable joint)
A joint capsule Articular cartilages Joint cavity with synovial fluid Synovial membrane - secretes the synovial fluid Accessory structures Sensory nerves and blood vessels
What are the three functions of synovial fluid?
Lubricates surfaces of articular cartilages, nourishes chondrocytes, acts as a shock absorber.
What accessory structures separates joint surfaces, improves congruence of joint surfaces, channels flow of synovial fluid, and limits movement?
Cartilage
What accessory structures provides protection and facilitates movement?
Fat pads
What accessory structures is a fluid-filled pocket that helps facilitate movement?
Bursae
What (general) type of ligament is a part of the joint capsule?
Instrinsic
What (general) type of ligament is separate of the joint capsule?
Extrinsic
What type of extrinsic ligament is inside the joint? Outside the joint?
Intracapsular (still not part of joint capsule)
Extracapsular
What type of movement is within the anterior-posterior plane and reduces the angle between the articulating elements? What type increases the angle?
Flexion
Extension
What is the word for movement away from the longitudinal axis in the frontal plane? What is the word for movement toward?
Abduction
Adduction
What is the word for the movement of the thumb pad to pad? What is the word for the opposite action?
Opposition
Reposition
What is the word for the movement in which the proximal end remains stationary while the distal end describes a full circle?
Circumduction
What is the movement in which the forearm moves into the anatomical position?
Supination
What is the movement of the forearm that involves rotating the distal radius about the distal ulna to the prone position?
Pronation
