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ACB 310 > Skeletal > Flashcards

Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The study of external and internal structures and the physical relationships between body parts.

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2
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

Person facing forward, feet together and palms facing forward.

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3
Q

What area is indicated in the cephalic anatomical region?

A

Head

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4
Q

What area is indicated in the cervical anatomical region?

A

Neck

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5
Q

What area is indicated in the thoracic anatomical region?

A

Chest

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6
Q

What area is indicated in the brachial anatomical region?

A

Segment of the upper limb, closest to trunk; the arm

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7
Q

What area is indicated in the ante brachial anatomical region?

A

Forearm

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8
Q

What area is indicated in the carpal anatomical region?

A

Wrist

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9
Q

What area is indicated in the manual anatomical region?

A

Hand

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10
Q

What area is indicated in the abdominal anatomical region?

A

Abdomen

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11
Q

What area is indicated in the pelvic anatomical region?

A

Pelvis (in general)

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12
Q

What area is indicated in the pubic anatomical region?

A

Anterior pelvis

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13
Q

What area is indicated in the inguinal anatomical region?

A

Groin (crease between thigh and trunk)

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14
Q

What area is indicated in the lumbar anatomical region?

A

Lower back

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15
Q

What area is indicated in the gluteal anatomical region?

A

Ass

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16
Q

What area is indicated in the femoral anatomical region?

A

Thigh

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17
Q

What area is indicated in the patellar anatomical region?

A

Kneecap

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18
Q

What area is indicated in the crural anatomical region?

A

Leg, from knee to ankle

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19
Q

What area is indicated in the sural anatomical region?

A

Calf

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20
Q

What area is indicated in the tarsal anatomical region?

A

Ankle

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21
Q

What area is indicated in the pedal anatomical region?

A

Foot

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22
Q

What area is indicated in the plantar anatomical region?

A

Sole region of foot

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23
Q

What region does the directional term anterior refer to?

A

The front; before

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24
Q

What region does the directional term ventral refer to?

A

Belly side, equivalent to ventral in terms of the human body.

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25
Q

What region does the directional term posterior refer to?

A

The back; behind

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26
Q

What region does the directional term dorsal refer to?

A

The back, equivalent to posterior in terms of human body.

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27
Q

What region does the directional term cranial/cephalic refer to?

A

Towards head

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28
Q

What region does the directional term superior refer to?

A

Above; at a higher level (toward head in human body)

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29
Q

What region does the directional term inferior/caudal refer to?

A

Below; at a lower level; toward feet; toward tail/coccyx

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30
Q

What region does the directional term medial refer to?

A

Toward midline, longitudinal axis of body

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31
Q

What region does the directional term lateral refer to?

A

Away from midline, longitudinal axis of body

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32
Q

What region does the directional term proximal refer to?

A

Toward an attached base

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33
Q

What region does the directional term distal refer to?

A

Away from an attached base

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34
Q

What region does the directional term superficial refer to?

A

At, near, or relatively close to body surface

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35
Q

What region does the directional term deep refer to?

A

Toward interior of the body, father from surface

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36
Q

How does the sagittal plane divide the body?

A

Divides it into left and right sections length wise.

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37
Q

What does midsagittal/median sagittal mean?

A

Sections are equal or have bilateral symmetry

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38
Q

What does parasagittal mean?

A

Sections are unequal or do not have bilateral symmetry

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39
Q

How does the coronal/frontal plane divide the body?

A

Divides it into anterior and posterior sections, no bilateral symmetry.

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40
Q

How does the transverse plane divide the body?

A

It crosses the body perpendicular to its long axis. This is the only plane of dissection that is perpendicular to the long axis.

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41
Q

What are the four primary tissue types?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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42
Q

What is the definition of epithelium?

A

A sheet of cells that covers exposed surfaces and separates the outside environment from the inside.

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43
Q

What are 6 general characteristics of epithelia?

A

Cellularity, polarity, attachment, avascular, arranged as sheet, regeneration

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44
Q

Stratified means…

A

more than one cell layer

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45
Q

Squamous refers to what type of cell shape?

A

Flat

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46
Q

Cuboidal refers to what type of cell shape?

A

Box-like

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47
Q

Columnar refers to what type of cell shape?

A

elongated

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48
Q

Where do exocrine glands discharge secretions? What about endocrine glands?

A

Onto a body surface

Into body fluids

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49
Q

Exocrine glands are classified by the type of secretion they produce. How are serous secretions described? Mucous?

A

Watery

Mucousy, thick

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50
Q

What type of secretions do sweat glands produce? What about sebaceous glands?

A

Watery

Oily

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51
Q

What are the three modes of secretion that exocrine glands can have? How do they differ from each other?

A

Eccrine - release through exocytosis
Apocrine - release through loss of cytoplasm, cell lives
Holocrine - release through rupture of cell, cell dies

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52
Q

What are three GENERAL components of connective tissues?

A

Specialized cells, protein fibres, ground substance (fluid, gel, or mineral)

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53
Q

What type of connective tissue fibres are long, cylindrical and made up of three subunits coiled around each other?

A

Collagen fibers

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54
Q

What type of connective tissue fibres are made up of a single unit of collagen proteins?

A

Reticular fibers

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55
Q

What type of connective tissue fibres contain the protein elastin?

A

Elastic fibers

56
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the human body?

A

Collagen

57
Q

What type of connective tissue creates an open framework and acts as the body’s “packing material”?

A

Loose connective tissue

58
Q

There are three types of loose connective tissue, what are they?

A

Aerolar, reticular, and adipose

59
Q

What type of connective tissue is made up of closely packed fibres?

A

Dense connective tissue

60
Q

What type of dense connective tissue contains fibres orientated along the same axis?

A

Regular

61
Q

What type of dense connective tissue contains fibres that are disoriented?

A

Irregular

62
Q

What is the integument composed of?

A

Skin, hair, nails, sweat, oil, and mammary glands.

63
Q

Skin, aka the cutaneous membrane, has two subdivisions. What are they?

A

Epidermis and dermis

64
Q

What is the classification of the epithelial cells of the epidermis? (simple, stratified, squamous..etc.)

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

65
Q

What layer is below the dermis?

A

The hypodermis, aka subcutaneous layer

66
Q

The epidermis is composed of 4 cell types, what are they?

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and langerhans cells

67
Q

What is the most abundant cell type in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

68
Q

How many layers of epithelial cells are in thin skin? What about thick skin?

A

4 layers

5 layers

69
Q

What are the 5 epidermal layers? Which layer is only in thick skin?

A

Stratum basale/germinativum, stratum spinous, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick), stratum corner

70
Q

What are epidermal ridges? What layer of the epidermis are they located on?

A

They project inwards and are in the layer stratum basale, forms the interface between epidermis and dermal.

71
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A

They fit between the epidermal ridges and increase surface contact area.

72
Q

Where are melanocytes located?

A

stratum basale/germinativum, spinosum, and granulosum.

73
Q

The dermis has two layers, what are they?

A

Papillary and reticular

74
Q

What layer of the dermis contains loose connective tissue and is a neuromuscular supply for the epidermis?

A

The papillary layer

75
Q

What layer of the dermis contains dense irregular connective tissue and contains accessory structures of the integument?

A

Reticular layer

76
Q

What type of connective tissue is in the hypodermis?

A

Loose connective tissue

77
Q

What does the term fascia mean?

A

sheet or layer of connective tissue

78
Q

What is the cutaneous plexus?

A

Network of blood vessels in the hypodermis that supply the dermis and epidermis via the papillary plexus

79
Q

What does the term plexus mean?

A

interwoven network

80
Q

Where do hair follicles lie?

A

In the dermis and hypodermis

81
Q

There are two primary types of exocrine glands, what are they?

A

Sebaceous and sweat glands

82
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete and what is their mode of secretion?

A

Oily secretions, sebum

Holocrine, cell ruptures

83
Q

There are two types of sweat glands, what are they?

A

Apocrine and eccrine/merocrine

84
Q

What do apocrine sweat glands secrete and what is their mode of secretion?

A

Cloudy, smelly secretion that includes pheromones.

They have an ECCRINE mode of secretion

85
Q

What is the mode of secretion of eccrine/merocrine sweat glands?

A

Eccrine/merocrine

86
Q

What mode of secretion do mammary glands use?

A

Apocrine

87
Q

What are the wax secreting glands in the ears called?

A

Ceruminous glands

88
Q

What primary germ layer is most of the skeleton derived from?

A

Mesoderm. Parts of skull are from ectoderm.

89
Q

What are the three specialized cells of bone?

A

Ostoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

90
Q

What are the mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue? What structure are they enclosed in?

A

Osteocytes

Lacunae

91
Q

What is the structure in bone used as a route of communicated between cells?

A

Canaliculi

92
Q

What are the immature, active cells of bone? Where are they found? What do they do?

A

Osteoblasts.
Found on inner and outer surfaces of bones.
They produce osteoid which mineralizes to create new bone.

93
Q

What cells divide and differentiate to form new osteoblasts?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

94
Q

What are the giant multinucleate cells that perform osteolysis?

A

Osteoclasts

95
Q

What are the two major arrangements of bone tissue?

A

Compact/Cortical and Spongy/Trabecular/Cancellous

96
Q

What is the primary structural unit of compact bone?

A

Osteon/Haversian System

97
Q

What is sponger/trabecular/cancellous bone comprised of?

A

Interconnected plates and rods of bone.

98
Q

What is the outer covering of bone called?

A

Periosteum

99
Q

What is the inner lining of bone called?

A

Endosteum

100
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

It is the centre of the bone and is filled with bone marrow.

101
Q

What are the two different ways bone forms?

A

Intramembranous ossification/Dermal bone formation and Endochondral ossification.

102
Q

What process of bone formation requires a cartilage precursor?

A

Endochondral ossification

103
Q

What does ‘physis’ mean?

A

Growth plate

104
Q

What is diaphysis?

A

It lies between two physes

105
Q

What is epiphysis?

A

Lies beyond the physis

106
Q

What is metaphysics?

A

Region directly adjacent to the physis, on the diaphysial side.

107
Q

What are ‘soft spots’ called? What is their purpose?

A

Fontanels

They allow flexibility during birth and facilitate rapid growth of the brain and skull

108
Q

What are primary osteons? Secondary osteons?

A

Osteons developed during growth.

Osteons developed during tissue turnover/replacement of existing bone. (AKA remodelling)

109
Q

What are the mature cells of cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

110
Q

What is the cartilage that resists compressive forces? It had a glass appearance.

A

Hyaline cartilage

111
Q

What type of cartilage that is located in areas of high stress and has little ground substance but lots of collagen fibres?

A

Fibrocartilage

112
Q

What separates cartilage from surrounding tissue and acts as a route for vasculature to provide cartilage with nutrients?

A

Perichondrium

113
Q

What is another word for immovable joints?

A

Synarthroses

114
Q

What type of joint is a suture?

A

Sutures are synarthroses (immovable)

115
Q

What is a gomphosis?

A

Joint between a tooth and an alveolar fossa. (Immovable)

116
Q

What type of ligament holds the tooth to the bone in the gomphosis?

A

Periodontal ligaments

117
Q

What is a synchrondrosis?

A

A type of synarthroses (immovable joint) in which hyaline cartilage separates the ends of the bones involved in the joint

118
Q

What is a synostosis?

A

A type of synarthroses (immovable join) that occurs if bones fuse together to form one bone.

119
Q

What is another word for slightly movable joints?

A

Amphiarthroses

120
Q

What is a syndesmosis?

A

A type of amphiarthrose that is a ligamentous joint that allows little movement.

121
Q

What is a symphysis?

A

A type of amphiarthrose that connect bones using a fibrocartilage pad

122
Q

What is another word for freely movable joints?

A

Diarthroses

123
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

A type of diarthrose that is typically found at the ends of long bones

124
Q

What are the 6 basic characteristics of the synovial joint? (This is a diarthroses - freely movable joint)

A 
A joint capsule
Articular cartilages
Joint cavity with synovial fluid
Synovial membrane - secretes the synovial fluid
Accessory structures
Sensory nerves and blood vessels
125
Q

What are the three functions of synovial fluid?

A

Lubricates surfaces of articular cartilages, nourishes chondrocytes, acts as a shock absorber.

126
Q

What accessory structures separates joint surfaces, improves congruence of joint surfaces, channels flow of synovial fluid, and limits movement?

A

Cartilage

127
Q

What accessory structures provides protection and facilitates movement?

A

Fat pads

128
Q

What accessory structures is a fluid-filled pocket that helps facilitate movement?

A

Bursae

129
Q

What (general) type of ligament is a part of the joint capsule?

A

Instrinsic

130
Q

What (general) type of ligament is separate of the joint capsule?

A

Extrinsic

131
Q

What type of extrinsic ligament is inside the joint? Outside the joint?

A

Intracapsular (still not part of joint capsule)

Extracapsular

132
Q

What type of movement is within the anterior-posterior plane and reduces the angle between the articulating elements? What type increases the angle?

A

Flexion

Extension

133
Q

What is the word for movement away from the longitudinal axis in the frontal plane? What is the word for movement toward?

A

Abduction

Adduction

134
Q

What is the word for the movement of the thumb pad to pad? What is the word for the opposite action?

A

Opposition

Reposition

135
Q

What is the word for the movement in which the proximal end remains stationary while the distal end describes a full circle?

A

Circumduction

136
Q

What is the movement in which the forearm moves into the anatomical position?

A

Supination

137
Q

What is the movement of the forearm that involves rotating the distal radius about the distal ulna to the prone position?

A

Pronation

ACB 310 (2 decks)

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