Six Weeks Review Flashcards
Name three characteristics that make water a unique molecule
- High Heat Capacity
- Universal Solvent
- Less dense as a solid than liquid
What is the relationship between seawater and density and temperature?
Temperature increases… Density descreases
Name four water properties the CTD Rosette can sample
- Dissolved Oxygen
- pH
- Salinity (Via conductivity)
- Density
- Temperature
What are the global heat balance terms?
Qs, Qb, Qh, Qe, Qv
Which global heat terms are typically positive?
Qs
Which global heat terms are typically negative?
Qb
What parameters affest the largest positive global heat terms?
albedo, tilt of the earth, cloud cover
Which global heat term is typically the highest magnitude ‘loss’ term?
Qe
What is the significance of the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn?
They are the latitudes where the sun is perpendicular to the surface of the earth during the summer of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere respectively.
How to calculate pressure:
P=Density x Gravity x Depth
What percentage of all salt ions does NaCl make up in seawater?
85%
What is a graphical ‘cline’ called when refering to salinity?
Halocline
Seawater density is a function of…?
Temperature, Salinity, Depth
What is dynamic height?
different heights of layered water as a result of differences in density
Which global heat term can be ommitted over time?
Qv
Which is easier to achieve in a stable ocean - Horizontal or Vertical mixing?
Horizontal
What is the density of freshwater?
1000 kg/m^3
What is the density of seawater?
~1030 kg/m^3
What type of waves commonly develop along pycnoclines?
internal or gravity waves
What equation of state variable is not important at freezing temperatures?
Temperature
What order of color does visible light penetrate the ocean in order of deepest to shallowest?
Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red
Which has a larger value at depth: Temperature or Potential Temperature?
Temperature
Which has a larger value at depth: Density or Potential Density?
Density?
Why do we have temp vs potential temp and density vs potential density? What are we accounting for?
Pressure as a result of depth
Is the seasonal thermocline deeper or shallower in the summer? Is it more or less stratisfied?
Shallower. More stratisfied
What is the value of the solar constant and where is this value measured?
1360 W/m^2. top of the atmosphere where the sun is perpendicular to the atmosphere
Describe what pattern dissolved O2 and pH follow in a 24hr period, what causes this effect?
Dissolved O2 and pH increase throughout the day, peak at sunset, drop throughout the night, hit the lowest point at sunrise and repeat. This is caused by photosynthesis and respirators.
What is the law of constant proportions?
All salt ions in seawater, regardless of location, are constantly in the same proportions.
What directions do the wind driven currents blow north and south of the equator?
Easterly winds South of Equator
Westerly winds North of Equator
(Remember winds are described from direction they come from)
What keeps wind driven currents from continuously increasing in speed?
Bottom friction
What factors effect the Solar Constant over time?
Earth’s tilt, wobble, eccentricity in orbit (shift in elliptical orbit)
Where does most Qs occur?
near the air/ocean interface (several meters
Where does most Qb occur?
first few milimeters of water
Where does most Qe and Qh occur?
Right at the surface
What is the Stefan-Boltaman constant?
Cs = 5.67e-8 Wm^-2T^-4
What is Planck’s Law?(used for calculation Qb)
Qb=CsT^4
What is the average albedo?
.3 or 30%
The atmosphere absorbes what percent of Qs due to clouds and water vapor?
20%
What percent of Qs makes it to the ocean or land?
50%
What causes daily and seasonal lags in temperature vs solar radiation?
Lags are caused by the differences in specific heat of all the earths surfaces
Describe the seasonal thermoclines
Stronger and shallower in the summer
Weaker and deeper in the winter
