Six Sigma Basics Flashcards
What does DMAIC stand for?
Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control
What are the two primary areas of focus in Six Sigma, and their methodologies?
Find and Fix (DMAIC) and Prevention (Design for Six Sigma - DFSS)
What is KPI?
Key Performance Indicator
What is meant by Kaizen?
Sustained continuous improvement (CI)
What are the 8 classic forms of waste? (TIMPWOOD)
Transportation, Inventory, Motion, People (underutilization) Waiting, Over processing, Over production, Defects
What is the 9th form of waste and some examples?
Environmental - use of excess energy, excess material in landfills.
What is DPMO
Defects Per Million Opportunities
What is Sigma Level 6?
3.4 DPMO
What is another term for metric?
KPI - Key Performance Indicator
What are two type of DMAIC projects and what do they satisfy?
External - satisfies the VOC - voice of the customer. Internal or Regulatory - satisfies the VOB - voice of the business.
What are the 4 key questions addressed in the problem statement?
What, when, extent and impact of problem.
What are 2 examples of quantitative benefits?
Hard savings and cost avoidance
What are 3 examples of qualitative benefits
Customer satisfaction, employee morale, risk mitigation
What is Rolling Wave Planning?
Planning the next phases near the end of the current DMAIC phase.
In a Value Stream Map, how is time depicted at the bottom?
Non-Value Added time over Value Added time.
What is a Product Matrix used for?
To identify Product/Service families.
What is Takt time?
The amount of time between 2 unit completions to meet demand.
What is the Takt time equation?
Net Available Time (NAT) divided by the customer demand time (ie, 30 units per day)
How is lead time calculated?
Wait time + process time.
What can Process time be broken down into?
Value Added time and Non-Value Added time.
What is meant by weighted average?
Calculating the average process time when two process times vary.
What does SIPOC stand for and what is it?
Suppliers, Input, Process, Output and Customer
It identifies the high level process and any disconnects between the supplier and customer.
What is PCE and what is the formula?
Process Cycle Efficiency.
Total Value Added time divided by Total time.
What are Kaizen bursts used for?
To highlight specific improvement opportunities in a process.
What is Nominal process time?
The average process time spent per unit.
What is Effective process time comprised of?
Nominal process time + detractors
What are examples of detractors?
Downtime, rework, scrap and setup.
What are 2 types of Capacity?
Nominal and Effective.
What is the difference between nominal and effective capacity?
Effective capacity includes the detractors.
How are needed resources calculated?
Total process time divided by the Takt time.
What are 2 types of demand leveling?
Volume and Mix
Define Volume and Mix Leveling.
Volume is the scheduling of overall process across a longer time period.
Mix is distributing work across multiple tasks/order types by operator.
What is the Pitch Interval?
Time between performance reviews to assess performance.
What is a water spider?
A person who monitors flow and redirects work to maintain efficiency.
What are two common metrics to measure current state?
Yield and PPM defective.
What is a Three Part Estimate comprised of?
A target, upper specification limit (usl) and lower specification limit (lsl).
What are two ways to reduce defects?
Reducing standard deviation or shifting the mean closer to the target.
How do you determine the DPMO?
Divide the defects by the total opportunities, multiply by 1m.
What is Rolled Yield?
The possibility of passing through multiple steps defect free.
What is a check sheet?
A tool to record defect count data.
What are two recommendations when building a check sheet?
Keep categories to a minimum and use modifier nouns.
What is the Pareto Principle also known as?
The 80/20 rule.
What is the Big Three of Survey Instrument Design? (3 Ws)
Who is the group and/or subgroups?
What are we trying to learn from this survey?
Why are we doing this survey? (What will we do with the results?)
