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SIO 10 > SIO 10 midterm studying > Flashcards

SIO 10 midterm studying Flashcards

1
Q

Geologists see

A

How rocks transformed.
Layers were once horizontal re now tilted.
Erosion has created high cliffs.
Part of the history of the Earth.

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2
Q

Geology

A

Is the study of this part of the Earth. Also called Geosciences or Earth Sciences.

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3
Q

Geologists

A

Someone who studies the Earth exploring diverse regions

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4
Q

Geology sub-disciplines

A 
Environmental Geology
Geochemistry
Geophysics
Sedimentary
Structural Geology
Tectonics
Volcanology
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5
Q

Major Divisions

A

Eons and Eras

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6
Q

Eons

A

Phanerozoic
Proterozoic
Archean
Hadean

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7
Q

Eras

A

Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, PreCambrian

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8
Q

Scientific Method

A

Series steps for analyzing scientific problems

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9
Q

Scientific Method steps

A

Recognize have problem or sparse data that appear to correlate.
Collect More Data
Propose Hypothesis
Test hypothesis

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10
Q

Theory

A

Scientific idea supported by an abundance of facts especially from diverse fields.
Have a physical model for the facts.

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11
Q

Earth

A

Is unique. Temperature, composition, atmosphere favor life. Dynamic and ever changing. Long and complex history. Dynamic and ever changing. Long and complex history.

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12
Q

Conscious thought

A

Leads to curiosity and insight, developed across thousands of generation.

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13
Q

Cosmology

A

Study and structure of evolution of the Universe. Very complicated science.

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14
Q

Renaissance

A

Rebirth of rational thinking

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15
Q

Foucault’s Pendulum

A

Proved that the Earth rotates

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16
Q

Earth’s Circumference

A

˜40,000 km

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17
Q

Eratosthenes Calculations

A

The sun went directly down a deep well at Syene (at the beginning of summer)
Measures the angle of the shadow at the Alexandria Tower.

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18
Q

The Doppler Effect

A

Waves compress or relax with relative motion (sound and light).
Moving towards, sound wave compressed gives higher frequency.
Moving away, waves expand gives lower frequency.

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19
Q

Visible wavelengths

A

400 (blue) 700 (red) nanometers.

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20
Q

Moving star displays Doppler shifted light

A

Stars moving towards Earth are shifted blue, and vice versa (red)

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21
Q

Hubble

A

In 1929 recognized this as a Doppler Shift. Concluded Galaxies were moving away rapidly.
Led to Big Bang Theory.

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22
Q

Big Bang

A

It exploded 13.7 Ga Been expanding ever since.

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23
Q

Light Elements

A

He, Li, Be, B

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24
Q

Gravity resulted in

A

Increases in temperature, density and rate of rotation

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25
Q

Nebulae

A

Formed flattened discs. Heat and mass from collapse ignited nuclear fusion.

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26
Q

Stardust

A

Stars are true element factories

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27
Q

Heavier Elements

A

C-Fe #6-#26

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28
Q

Planet

A

large solid body orbiting a star, nearly spherical, no objects around it.

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29
Q

Small, dense, rocky

Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars

A

Terrestrial Planets

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30
Q

Jovian Planets (Jupiter like)

A

large, low density, gas-giant *jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune

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31
Q

Solar system formation

A

The ball at the center grows dense and hot
Fusion reaction begins; the Sun is born
Dust in rings condenses into particles.
Particles coalesce to form planetesimals

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32
Q

Atmosphere and Oceans

A

The atmosphere develops from volcanic gases. Enough moisture condenses, oceans are formed.

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33
Q

A slice through the Earth

A

A thin atmosphere, a thin crust of low density rocks, a core of very dense iron alloy.

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34
Q

Kuiper Belt

A

Diffuse band of icy objects at 35-55 Au. Neptune defines the inner band.

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35
Q

Asteroid Belt

A

lies between Jupiter and Mars

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36
Q

Magnetic field

A

Field like giant dipole bar magnet. Extend into space, weaken with distance, forms magnetosphere.

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37
Q

Deflects deadly cosmic radiation

A

Magnetic Field of Van Allen

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38
Q

Aurora Australis

A

Southern lights

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39
Q

Atmosphere

A

Mostly N2 and O2

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40
Q

Atmosphere layers

A

Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

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41
Q

Earth layers

A

Atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, lithosphere

42
Q

Earth’s elemental composition

A

Fe (32) O (30) Si (15) Mg (14) Others (9)

43
Q

inorganic earth materials

A

minerals, comprise rocks and hence most of earth, most rocks are silicates

44
Q

igneous

A

cooled from a liquid

45
Q

Sedimentary

A

Debris cemented pre-existing rock

46
Q

Metamorphic

A

Rock altered by pressure and temperature

47
Q

Organic earth materials

A

contain carbon

48
Q

Volatiles

A

material that become gas at the surface

49
Q

Earth’s layers

A

The crust, the mantle, the core (outer and inner)

50
Q

With depth

A

temperature and velocity increase

51
Q

Layers are made of

A

crust, upper, transitional and lower mantle, liquid outer and solid inner core.

52
Q

Crust

A

Outermost skin of the planet

53
Q

Continental Crust

A

Felsic, average thickness 35-40, 2.7 density

54
Q

Oceanic Crust

A

Mafic, more dense

55
Q

Mantle

A

Solid rock, 82% of Earth’s volume

Upper, Transitional and lower.

56
Q

Core

A

Outer- Liquid, Inner-Solid

57
Q

Lithosphere

A

Makes up plates, the outermost, made up of both crust and mantle.

58
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Mantle below lithosphere

59
Q

Wegeners theory

A

Land masses move slowly, once a major continent called Pangea.

60
Q

Continental drift

A

Oceans and continents move, split apart and recombine. Sea floor spreading proves this.

61
Q

Against Continental drift

A

Viscosity too high, continents and oceans were fixed.

62
Q

Matching geological Units

A

Mountain belts across the Atlantic, Appalachians, Caledonides.

63
Q

The Magnetic field

A

Can have normal or reverse polarity, inclination.

64
Q

Paleomagnetism

A

declination and inclination in rocks often varies from that expected at present position.

65
Q

Polar Wandering

A

Layered basalts record magnetic charges over time. Inclination and declination indicate changes in position

66
Q

Ocean Floor

A

Mid-ocean ridges
Trenches
Fracture zones

67
Q

Ocean Crust

A

Covered by sediments, high heat flow

68
Q

Marine Magnetic Anomalies

A

Anomalies created by positive and negative alienation in seafloor basalts. Proves that sea floor spreading does occur

69
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

Moving plates change the face of Earth. Fragments of lithosphere.
˜20 tectonic plates

70
Q

Wegener

A

Evidence supporting drift

71
Q

Holmes

A

Arguing for convection in the mantle

72
Q

Hess/Dietz

A

Sea-floor spreading hypothesis.

73
Q

Archimedes

A

The principle of buoyancy

74
Q

Plate boundaries

A

Location on Earth where tectonic plates meet.

75
Q

Continental Margin

A

Where lands meets ocean

76
Q

Divergent

A

Tectonic plates move apart. Ex: The Red Sea.

77
Q

Convergent

A

Tectonic plates move together

78
Q

Transform

A

tectonic plates slide sideways

79
Q

Formation of Oceanic Crust

A

Sea floor spreading opens the axial rift valley. Rising asthenosphere melts, forms mafic magma.
Pooled magma solidifies to oceanic crustal rock.

80
Q

Pillow Basalt

A

Magma quenched at the sea floor

81
Q

Dikes

A

Preserved magma conduits

82
Q

Gabbro

A

Deeper magma, same composition as basalt.

83
Q

MORs

A

Mid-Ocean Ridges

84
Q

Ridges

A

Hot asthenosphere lies at base of MOR/

Hoy asthenosphere moves up at ridge axis.

85
Q

Subduction

A

One plate dives into mantle. Recycles oceanic lithosphere, Earth maintains a constant circumference

86
Q

Subduction features

A

Accretionary prism, volcanic arc, back arc basin, oceanic trenches

87
Q

Accretionary Prism

A

Deformed sediment wedges

88
Q

Volcanic Arc

A

A chain of volcanoes on the overriding plate

89
Q

Back-arc Basin

A

A marginal sea behind an arc

90
Q

Triple junctions

A

Places where 3 plate boundaries coincide

91
Q

Transform Boundaries

A

Plates slide past, not created or destroyed. Ex: The San Andreas Fault

92
Q

Hot Spots

A

Volcanoes create seamounts

93
Q

Continental Rifting

A

Rifting of plates. Places where continent is being stretched.

94
Q

Plate Collision

A

Subduction consumes ocean basins

95
Q

Driving mechanisms

A

Ridge push, slab pull and mantle convection

96
Q

Volcano

A

A vent where molten rock comes out of earth

97
Q

Igneous rock

A

Formed by cooling from melt

98
Q

Magma

A

Melted rock below the ground

99
Q

Lava

A

Melted rock above the ground

100
Q

Major types of rocks

A

Felsic, Intermediate, Mafic and Ultramafic

101
Q

Extrusive

A

cooling outside of surface

102
Q

Introsive

A

Cool at depth

SIO 10 (1 decks)

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