Singular Concepts Final

Question 1

Atomic Propoistion

Answer 1

is a simple sentance, cannot be broken down into smaller propositions. Contains a truth value

Question 2

Complex/molecular proposition

Answer 2

Made up of two or more atomic propositions

Question 3

Inductive Generalisations

Answer 3

Making universal claims based on specific claims
In other words making claims about entire classes of things

: Is whe we conclude a series general or universal claims from a series of particular events.

We still need generlised statments to make travsering though life easier.

Question 4

Deductive reasoning

Answer 4

Goes from General to Specific.

Question 5

What makes something true ?

And why is it Important ?

Answer 5

A sentence must correspond to reality in order for it to be true.

Truth is imporatnt as it defines ur belifes. Belifes are our vehicle for acting through reality. If our belifes are wrong/ Inaccurate, then we can be lead astry or into bad situations as it is detrimental affect to us or others.

We use truth to form rational beliefs.

Question 6

Rhetoric

Answer 6

Successful rhetoric effectively produces a
desired action.
(Meanwhile a Successful argument is an aid to understanding)

Question 7

Informal fallacies

Answer 7

About the content of the argument.

Question 8

Formal fallacies

Answer 8

About the Form of the Argument (Structure)

Question 9

The Four Limitations of Mills Methoods

Answer 9

1. Do not tell us how to determine weather the antecedent circamstances have been properly analysed. Direction of causaton may not be clear.
2. Do not tell us which antecdent circumstances to investigate. Which external vairiables to look at.
3. Can never provide a certin demonsrtative. or conclusive proof of a claim. The argument is inductve so is still invalid.
4. Do not provide a mechnical or automatic way to discover causal conecctions. Dosn’t tell us how to test this.

Question 10

Which Limitation does the Methood of agremnt have specficly?

Answer 10

There might be other common factors that arn’t known, or that we havn’t noticed.

Question 11

Limitation of Joint methood of agreement and differance?

Answer 11

1. Still May be looking at the wrong factors

2. May not have anaylezed the antecedent & consquence correctly.

Question 12

Limitation of Methoods of concomitant variation?

Answer 12

Direction of cuasation may not be clear, we are not super sure of what caused what.

Question 13

Causal Claim

Answer 13

Assertions that the events of on type are followed by the events of another.

Question 14

What is an argument

Answer 14

A sequence of statments intended to establish the truth of and argumnet.

An argumnet is an aid of understanding somthing, we use critical thinking (rationality and logic) to arrive at truth.