SindhuCloudSQL-Concepts Flashcards
What are the main benefits of using Cloud SQL as a managed service?
The main benefits include automated updates, patching, backups, and failover, which eliminate the need for manual database management. This ensures better reliability, security, and availability of the database services.
Which database engines are supported by Cloud SQL?
Cloud SQL supports MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQL Server.
How does Cloud SQL ensure data encryption?
Cloud SQL ensures data encryption both at rest and in transit, using various encryption protocols and technologies such as SSL/TLS for data in transit and AES-256 for data at rest.
What are the key features of Cloud SQL’s backup system?
Cloud SQL provides automated daily backups as well as on-demand backups. This ensures that data can be restored to a previous state in case of data loss or corruption.
Explain the high availability feature in Cloud SQL.
Cloud SQL offers high availability through automatic failover. This means that if the primary instance fails, a standby instance is automatically promoted to primary, ensuring minimal downtime.
What types of network connectivity options are available in Cloud SQL?
Cloud SQL offers network connectivity via private IP or public IP with SSL/TLS encryption. This provides secure and flexible options for connecting to the database.
Describe the VM-based instance in Cloud SQL.
A VM-based instance in Cloud SQL runs on a virtual machine with a persistent disk. This setup provides scalable and durable storage for database operations.
What is the significance of a static IP in Cloud SQL?
A static IP ensures consistent network configurations and simplifies firewall management. This is important for applications that need a stable IP address to connect to the database.
Remove - What are the differences between the Enterprise Edition and Enterprise Plus Edition in Cloud SQL?
The Enterprise Edition provides a balance of performance, availability, and cost, while the Enterprise Plus Edition offers enhanced performance and availability, improved read/write performance, and automatic tuning for more demanding applications.
Remove - How can databases be managed in Cloud SQL?
Databases can be created and deleted via the Cloud Console or API. Integration with Identity and Access Management (IAM) allows for fine-grained access control and management of user permissions.
What factors influence the pricing of Cloud SQL?
Pricing is based on the amount of storage, the number of CPUs, the memory allocated, network traffic, and the use of static IP addresses.
How are system updates handled in Cloud SQL?
System updates and configurations are managed by Google Cloud. Updates can be user-initiated or automated to ensure that the system remains up-to-date with the latest features and security patches.
What features are specific to MySQL in Cloud SQL?
Cloud SQL for MySQL provides managed backups, patching, and failover. Data is encrypted at rest and in transit, and replication options include intra-zone and inter-zone with automatic failover.
Remove - Which features are not supported in MySQL on Cloud SQL?
Unsupported features include the Federated Engine, Memory Storage Engine, and certain plugins that are not compatible with the managed environment.
What versions of PostgreSQL are supported by Cloud SQL?
Cloud SQL supports PostgreSQL versions 9.6, 10, 11, 12, and 13.
Remove- Name some of the PostgreSQL extensions supported by Cloud SQL.
Supported extensions include PostGIS for geographic data, PLV8 for JavaScript support, and pg_stat_statements for query statistics.
Describe the high availability feature in PostgreSQL on Cloud SQL.
High availability is achieved through automatic failover with synchronous replication, which ensures minimal data loss during failovers.
Remove - What are the best practices for scheduling maintenance windows in Cloud SQL?
Schedule maintenance windows during off-peak times to minimize the impact on database operations and ensure that updates do not interfere with critical workloads.
How can read replicas improve performance in Cloud SQL?
Read replicas can offload read operations from the primary instance, distributing the load and improving overall performance. They are especially useful for read-heavy applications.
Remove - Why is it important to avoid operation overlaps in Cloud SQL?
Avoiding overlaps between long-running operations, backups, and maintenance periods ensures that performance is not degraded and reduces the risk of conflicts that can cause failures or delays.
What are the best practices for monitoring CPU and memory usage in Cloud SQL?
Regularly monitor CPU and memory usage through Cloud Monitoring tools. Set up alerts for high utilization and investigate any anomalies promptly to prevent performance degradation.
How can instances be scaled in Cloud SQL?
Instances can be scaled vertically by adding more CPUs and memory, or horizontally by adding read replicas to distribute the load and improve performance.
Why is horizontal scaling preferred for managing smaller instances in Cloud SQL?
Horizontal scaling allows for better resource management by distributing the load across multiple smaller instances rather than relying on a single large instance. This can lead to improved performance and fault tolerance.
What is the role of connection pooling in Cloud SQL?
A connection pool is a cache of database connections that are shared and reused to improve connection latency and performance. When your application needs a database connection, it borrows one from its pool temporarily; when the application is finished with the connection, it returns the connection to the pool, where it can be reused the next time the application needs a database connection.Connection pooling manages database connections efficiently, reducing the overhead of establishing and closing connections and improving application performance.
How often should failover mechanisms be tested in Cloud SQL?
Regularly test failover mechanisms to ensure that they work as expected and to minimize downtime in case of an actual failover event.
Number of automated backups
By default, Cloud SQL retains 7 automated backups for each Cloud SQL Enterprise edition instance and 15 automated backups for each Cloud SQL Enterprise Plus edition instance. The number is configurable between 1-365
How does automated backup work in Cloud SQL?
Automated backups are configured to run daily, within a 4-hour backup window, providing regular data protection. Users can also initiate on-demand backups as needed. On-demand backups are not automatically deleted the way automated backups are.
Backup size
Cloud SQL backups are incremental. They contain only data that changed after the previous backup was taken. Your oldest backup is a similar size to your database, but the sizes of subsequent backups depend on the rate of change of your data. When the oldest backup is deleted, the size of the next oldest backup increases so that a full backup still exists.
What is Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR) in Cloud SQL?
Point-in-Time Recovery allows recovering the database to a specific point in time, which is useful for recovering from data corruption or accidental data loss.
Why are regular data exports important in Cloud SQL?
Regularly exporting data provides an additional layer of data protection and ensures that a copy of the data is available for archival and recovery purposes.
How do read replicas work in Cloud SQL?
Read replicas offload read operations from the primary instance, distributing the load and improving performance. They are asynchronously replicated, meaning there may be slight delays in data synchronization.
What is the purpose of cross-region replicas in Cloud SQL?
Cross-region replicas provide disaster recovery capabilities by deploying read replicas in different geographic regions, ensuring data availability even if one region experiences an outage.
How do cascading replicas enhance scalability in Cloud SQL?
Cascading replicas create a multi-level replication hierarchy, where read replicas can replicate data to other replicas. This setup improves scalability by distributing the read load more efficiently.
What are the different types of replication available in Cloud SQL?
Cloud SQL offers standard read replicas, cross-region read replicas, cascading replicas, and external replication to integrate with external instances.
How does external replication work in Cloud SQL?
External replication allows data to be replicated between Cloud SQL and external database instances, providing flexibility for hybrid cloud deployments and data migration.
What are the use cases for replication in Cloud SQL?
Replication can be used to distribute read capacity, enhance disaster recovery, and facilitate data migration between different database instances or regions.
What is the performance overhead associated with binary logging in Cloud SQL?
Binary logging introduces additional disk operations, which can impact performance by increasing the I/O load on the database.
How does binary logging affect storage usage in Cloud SQL?
Binary logging increases storage usage by maintaining a log of all changes made to the database, which can grow significantly over time.
How are read replicas billed in Cloud SQL?
Read replicas are billed at standard rates based on the resources they consume, including CPU, memory, and storage.
What additional charges apply for cross-region data transfer in Cloud SQL?
Cross-region data transfer incurs additional charges based on the amount of data transferred between regions, which is billed separately from the standard rates for read replicas.
What insights does Cloud Monitoring provide in Cloud SQL?
Cloud Monitoring provides detailed insights into CPU, memory, and storage usage, allowing users to monitor performance and set up alerts for custom metrics.
How does Cloud Logging support Cloud SQL?
Cloud Logging collects logs for auditing and troubleshooting purposes, helping users track database access, performance issues, and configuration changes.
What is the purpose of a private IP in Cloud SQL?
A private IP ensures secure internal communication within a Virtual Private Cloud (VPC), isolating database traffic from the public internet.
How can a public IP be used in Cloud SQL?
A public IP enables controlled access to the database from the internet, which can be secured with SSL/TLS encryption to protect data in transit.
What is VPC peering and how does it benefit Cloud SQL?
VPC peering connects instances to other VPC networks securely, allowing resources in different VPCs to communicate with each other without traversing the public internet.
How are maintenance windows defined in Cloud SQL?
Maintenance windows are defined by specifying specific time periods during which updates and maintenance tasks can be performed, minimizing disruption to database operations.
What is automatic maintenance in Cloud SQL?
Automatic maintenance involves routine maintenance tasks performed by Google Cloud with minimal downtime, ensuring the database remains up-to-date and secure.
How is data imported and exported using SQL Dump in Cloud SQL?
SQL Dump is used to import and export data by generating a SQL script that contains the database schema and data, which can be used for backups or migrations.