Simple Regression with an Extended Error Term

Question 1

What issue does this type of simple regression improve?

Answer 1

The causal issue as it is based on longitudinal data.

Question 2

What is the fixed intercept?

Answer 2

Y-intercept (Bo).

Question 3

What is the fixed slope?

Answer 3

The gradient (B1).

Question 4

What are the random intercepts?

Answer 4

The intercept of each individual person.

Question 5

What is roi?

Answer 5

The deviation from the fixed intercept to the random intercepts.

Question 6

What are the random slopes?

Answer 6

The individual slope of each person.

Question 7

What is r1?

Answer 7

The deviation from the fixed slope to the random slopes.

Question 8

How is the error measured?

Answer 8

It is the deviation from the observed data point to the individual slope at each specific point in time.

Question 9

Why is this new model statistically better than GCM?

Answer 9

Error term is smaller - can trust results more.

Question 10

Where can you find the fixed effects in SPSS?

Answer 10

Estimates of fixed effects.
intercept - fixed intercept.
predictor - fixed slope (this is what you should report with the p-value).

Question 11

Where can you find the random effects?

Answer 11

Estimates of covariance parameters.
Residual - error term. intercept - Ro.
predictor - R1.

Question 12

What is MLM?

Answer 12

It is the modern way of studying how outcomes at the individual level can be seen as the results of the interplay between individual and contextual factors (nested data).

Question 13

What are the four levels of nested data?

Answer 13

Individuals nested in a context.
Changes over time - longitudinal data.
Processes within persons over time - intensive longitudinal data.
Multi-modal real-time processes.

These are in different time scales.

Question 14

Give some examples of people nested in a context.

Answer 14

Patients nested in therapists.

Question 15

What is the difference between people and processes?

Answer 15

Associations can change depending on whether its within a singular person or within many people.

Question 16

What is the difference between traits and processes?

Answer 16

Traits - do not change over time.

Processes - implies some kind of within-person variability over time/situation.

Question 17

What does Hilpert believe about most theories?

Answer 17

That they study within-person processes.

Question 18

Explain how multi-modal real-time processes can be studied?

Answer 18

Observational coding - but this produces spares data.
Need new tools which detect and extract behaviour automatically.
Allows for more complicated analysis (e.g. DSM).

Question 19

What is growth curve modelling?

Answer 19

Concerned with how psychological processes unfold over time.

Question 20

What is the minimum amount of time points necessary?

Answer 20

3.

Question 21

What about assumption checks?

Answer 21

Very complicated to conduct - just need to know the idea of it.
MLM can often solve the problem of interdependence.

Question 22

What is a limitation of GCM against intensive longitudinal data?

Answer 22

Focuses on average change across many people.

Can’t understands processes - changes in a person over time.