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Biology > Simple Inheritance In Animals And Plants > Flashcards

Simple Inheritance In Animals And Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why we new cells needed for an organism?

A

To replace cells which become worn out and replace damaged cells

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2
Q

Where is DNA in your cells found?

A

Nucleus and Mitochondria

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a small packet of information that controls a characteristic or part of a characteristic, of your body.

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4
Q

What is an allele?

A

A different version of the same gene which can be either recessive or dominant

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5
Q

What is a recessive gene?

A

A recessive allele needs two allele to be expressed

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6
Q

What is a dominant gene?

A

A dominant allele only needs one allele to be expressed

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7
Q

What is a gamete?

A

The sex cells

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8
Q

How many chromosomes in human body cells?

A

23 pairs or 46 chromosomes

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9
Q

What are the products of Mitosis?

A

Mitosis results in two identical cells being produced from the original cell

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10
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

Genes (alleles) which must be passed onto the new cell

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11
Q

What must happen before the cell divides?

A

A copy of each chromosome is made and one of each chromosome goes to each cell

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12
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialised cells

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13
Q

How are plant cells different to animal cells?(differentiation)

A

Most animal cells differentiate early in development but plant cells can differentiate throughout their life.

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14
Q

How are cells of offspring produced by asexual reproduction?

A

Mitosis from the parent cell. They contain the same allele as the parents

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15
Q

What happens in mitosis after the chromosomes have been copied?

A

The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart. The two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell.
Membranes then form around each of the sets of chromosomes. These become the nuclei of the two cells.
Then the cytoplasm divides

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16
Q

How are sex cells (gametes) formed?

A

Cells in reproductive organs e.g. Testes and ovaries divide by meiosis. The gametes in humans are sperm and ova

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17
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

Each gamete has only one chromosome from each original pair (only 23)

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18
Q

How does sexual reproduction result in variation?

A

This is because the gametes from each parent fuse. So half the genetic information comes from the father and half from the mother

19
Q

What is formed when gametes join at fertilisation?

A

A single body cell with new pairs of chromosomes. A new individual is then developed by their cell repeatedly dividing by mitosis

20
Q

What happens in Meiosis?

A

Before division, a copy of each chromosome is made. Then the chromosome pairs line up in the centre of the cell.
The pairs are pulled apart so each new cell only has one copy of each chromosome.
The second division is a lot like mitosis, as the chromosomes again line up in the middles
This form four gametes.

21
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

In human embryos and in adult one marrow

22
Q

What is differentiation?

A

This is when cells become specialised for a particular function

23
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

24
Q

What is the hoped result of stem cell research?

A

The stem cells can be made to differentiate into many types of cell. The cells formed can be used to treat conditions such as paralysis, e.g by differentiating into new nerve cells

25
Q

Which scientist worked out how characteristics are inherited?

A

Gregor Mendel

26
Q

What did Gregor Mendel call what we now call genes?

A

Factors

27
Q

Why did it take a long time for Mendel’s ideas to be accepted?

A

Because scientists didn’t know about genes and chromosomes at the time

28
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA which is a very long molecule with a double helix structure

29
Q

Who doesn’t have different DNA?

A

Identical Twins and clones

30
Q

What does a gene code for?

A

A particular combination of amino acids which make a specific protein.

31
Q

What is the combination of sex chromosomes in Females?

A

XX

32
Q

What is the combination of sex chromosomes in males?

A

XY

33
Q

What does Heterozygous mean?

A

The alleles are different e.g Dd, Bb

34
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

The alleles are the same e.g dd, DD

35
Q

What is phenotype?

A

The physical appearance of the characteristic expressed e.g dimples, eye colour

36
Q

What is genotype?

A

The genetic make up e.g DD, Dd

37
Q

What is an example of a dominant allele that is a genetic disorder?

A

Polydactyl where a baby is born with extra fingers or toes

38
Q

What is an example of a recessive allele that is a genetic disorder?

A

The Cystic Fibrosis allele affects the cell membranes and causes the production of a thick sticky mucus. This can affect several organs

39
Q

What is the word to describe the parents who pass on the allele but might not have it expressed in their own body?

A

Carrier

40
Q

What chance is there for the offspring to polydactyl if a parent is heterozygous for polydactyl?

A

50%

41
Q

If both parents are heterozygous for cystic fibrosis, what are the chances that the child will inherit the disorder?

A

25%

42
Q

How can you show the outcomes of genetic crosses?

A

A Punnet square

43
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells taken from?

A

IVF
Created Adult cells
Umbilical cord of newborn babies

Biology (14 decks)

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