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surgery fml > Signs, triads, syndromes, etc. (from Surgical Recall) > Flashcards

Signs, triads, syndromes, etc. (from Surgical Recall) Flashcards

1
Q

ABCDs of melanoma

A

asymmetric, border irregularities, color variation, diameter >0.6 cm / dark color

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2
Q

Allen’s test

A

test patency of ulnar artery prior to placing radial arterial line / ABG

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3
Q

Ballance’s sign

A

dullness to percussion on LUQ but resonance on R, due to splenic rupture / hematoma
BSpLeen

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4
Q

Barret’s esophagus

A

columnar metaplasia of the distal esophagus (GERD related)

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5
Q

Battle’s sign

A

ecchymosis over the mastoid process in patients with basilar skull fractures
BSF

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6
Q

Beck’s triad

A

seen in pts w/ cardiac tamponade: JVD, decreased / muffled heart sounds, decreased BP
BeCk’s Triad (BCT)

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7
Q

Bergman’s triad

A

seen w/ fat emboli syndrome: mental status changes, petechiae often of axilla/thorax, dyspnea
BF

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8
Q

Blumer’s shelf

A

metastatic disease to the rectouterine (pouch of Douglas) or rectovisceral pouch creating a shelf that is palpable on rectal exam
BluMeR’s (BMR)

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9
Q

Boas’ sign

A

R subscapular pain resulting from cholelithiasis

BS

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10
Q

Borchardt’s triad

A

seen w/ gastric volvulus: emesis followed by retching, epigastric distension, failure to pass an NG tube
BGV

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11
Q

Carcinoid triad

A

seen w/ carcinoid syndrome: flushing, diarrhea, right-sided heart failure
FDR

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12
Q

Charcot’s triad

A

seen w/ cholangitis: fever/chills, jaundice, RUQ pain

cha cho, not to be confused w/ charcot joint

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13
Q

Chvostek’s sign

A

twitching of facial muscles upon tapping the facial nerve in patients with hypocalcemia
ch = cheek = hypoCa

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14
Q

Courvoisier’s law

A

enlarged nontender gallbladder seen w/ obstruction of the common bile duct, most commonly w/ pancreatic cancer
(not seen w/ gallstone obstruction b/c gallbladder is scarred secondary to chronic cholelithiasis)
C for common bile duct

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15
Q

Cullen’s sign

A

bluish discoloration of the periumbilical area due to retroperitoneal hemorrhage tracking around to the anterior abdominal wall through fascial planes (e.g., acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis)
Cullen = cyanotic belly button

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16
Q

Cushing’s triad

A

signs of increased intracranial pressure: hypertension, bradycardia, irregular respirations
C for cranial

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17
Q

Dance’s sign

A

empty RLQ in children with ileocecal intussusception

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18
Q

Fothergill’s sign

A

used to differentiate an intra-abdominal mass from one in the abdominal wall; if mass felt when tension on the musculature, then it is in the wall (i.e. sitting halfway upright)

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19
Q

Fox’s sign

A

ecchymosis of inguinal ligament seen w/ retroperitoneal bleeding

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20
Q

Goodsall’s rule

A

anal fistulae course in a straight path anteriorly and a curved path posteriorly from midline (think of a dog w/ a straight anterior nose and a curved posterior tail)

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21
Q

Grey Turner’s sign

A

ecchymosis or discoloration of the flank in patients with retroperitoneal (think: turner’s = turn side-to-side = flank)

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22
Q

Hamman’s sign / crunch

A

crunching sound on auscultation of hte heart resulting from emphysematous mediastinum; seen w/ boerhaave’s syndrome, pneumomediastinum, etc.

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23
Q

Homans’ sign

A

calf pain on forced dorsiflexion of the foot in patients w/ DVT

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24
Q

Howship-Romberg sign

A

pain along inner aspect of thigh; seen w/ obturator hernia as the result of nerve compression

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25
Q

Kehr’s sign

A

severe L shoulder pain in pts w/ splenic rupture (as a result of referred pain from diaphragmatic irritation)

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26
Q

Kelly’s sign

A

visible peristalsis of the ureter in response to the squeezing or retraction; used to identify the ureter during surgery

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27
Q

Krukenberg tumor

A

metastatic tumor to the ovary (classically from gastric cancer)

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28
Q

Laplace’s law

A

wall tension = pressure * radius (thus, the colon perforates preferentially at the cecum b/c of the increased radius and resultant increased wall tension)

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29
Q

McBurney’s point

A

1/3 the distance from the anterior iliac spine to the umbilicus on a line connecting the two

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30
Q

McBurney’s sign

A

tenderness at mcburney’s point in patients w/ appendicitis

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31
Q

Meckel’s diverticulum rule of 2’s

A

2% of the population have a Meckel’s diverticulum, 2% of those are symptomatic, and they occur within ~2 ft of ileocecal valve

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32
Q

Mittelschmerz

A

lower quadrant pain due to ovulation

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33
Q

Murphy’s sign

A

cessation of inspiration while palpating under the right costal margin; the pt cannot continue to inspire deeply b/c it brings an inflamed gallbladder under pressure (seen in acute cholecystitis)

34
Q

Obturator sign

A

pain upon internal rotation of the leg w/ the hip and knee flexed, seen in pts w/ appendicitis or pelvic abscess

35
Q

Pheochromocytoma sxs triad / rule of 10

A

tiad = palpitations, headache, episodic diaphoresis
PHEo…
rule of 10 = 10% bilateral, 10% malignant, 10% in children, 10% extra-adrenal, 10% have multiple tumors

36
Q

Psoas sign

A

pain elicited by extending the hip w/ knee in full extension, seen w/ appendicitis and psoas inflammation

37
Q

Raccoon eyes

A

bilateral black eyes as a result of basilar skull fracture

38
Q

Reynold’s pentad

A

fever, jaundice, RUQ pain, mental status changes, shock/sepsis; THUS Charcot’s triad + AMS and shock/sepsis; seen in pts w/ suppurative cholangitis

39
Q

Rovsing’s sign

A

palpation of the LLQ resulting in pain in the RLQ, seen in appendicitis

40
Q

Saint’s triad

A

cholelithiasis (gallstones), hiatal hernia, diverticular disease

41
Q

Silk glove sign

A

indirect hernia sac in the pediatric pt, the sac feels like a finger of a silk glove when rolled under the examining finger

42
Q

Sister Mary Joseph’s sign

A

metastatic tumor to umbilical lymph node(s)

43
Q

Virchow’s node

A

metastatic tumor to L supraclavicular node (classically due to gastric cancer)

44
Q

Virchow’s triad

A

risk factors for thrombosis: stasis, abnormal endothelium, hypercoagulability

45
Q

Trousseau’s sign

A

carpal spasm after occlusion of blood to the forearm w/ a BP cuff in pts w/ hypoCalcemia

46
Q

Valentino’s sign

A

RLQ pain from a perforated peptic ulcer due to succes / pus draining into the RLQ

47
Q

Westermark’s sign

A

decreased pulmonary vascular markings on CXR in a pt w/ pulmonary embolus

48
Q

Whipple’s triad

A

evidence for insulinoma: hypoglycemia (<50), CNS and vasomotor sxs (e.g., syncope, diaphoresis), relief of sxs w/ administration of glucose

49
Q

Afferent loop syndrome

A

obstruction of the afferent loop of a Billroth II gastrojejunostomy

50
Q

ARDS

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome, poor oxygenation due to leaky capillaries

51
Q

Blind loop syndrome

A

bacterial overgrowth of intestine caused by stasis

52
Q

Boerhaave’s syndrome

A

esophageal perforation

53
Q

Budd-Chiari syndrome

A

thrombosis of hepatic veins

54
Q

Carcinoid syndrome

A

bronchospasm, flushing, diarrhea, right-sided heart failure (caused by factors released by carcinoid tumor). so it’s carcinoid triad + B for bronchospasm

55
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

compartmental HTN caused by edema, resulting in muscle necrosis of the lower extremity, often seen in the calf; pt may have a distal pulse

56
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

excessive cortisol production

57
Q

Dumping syndrome

A

delivery of large amount of hyperosmolar chyme into small bowel, usually after vagotomy and a gastric drainage procedure (pyloroplasty / gastrojejunostomy); results in autonomic instability, abdominal pain, and diarrhea

58
Q

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome

A

perihepatic gonorrhea infection

59
Q

Gardner’s syndrome

A

GI polyps and associated findings of Sebaceous cysts, Osteomas, and Desmoid tumors (SOD); polyps have high malignancy potential (think: a gardner plans sod)

60
Q

HITT syndrome

A

heparin-induced thrombocytopenic thrombosis syndrome: heparin-induced platelet antibodies cause platelets to thrombose vessels, often resulting in loss of limb or life

61
Q

Leriche’s syndrome

A

Claudication of buttocks and thighs, Impotence, Atrophy of the legs (seen w/ occlusive iliac disease - think CIA)

62
Q

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

A

post-emesis / retching tears in the gastric mucosa (near GE junction)

63
Q

Mendelson’s syndrome

A

chemical pneumonitis after aspiration of gastric contents

64
Q

Mirizzi’s syndrome

A

extrinsic obstruction of the common hepatic bile duct from a gallstone in the gallbladder or cystic duct

65
Q

Munchausen syndrome

A

self-induced illness

66
Q

Ogilvie’s syndrome

A

massive nonobstructive colonic dilitation

67
Q

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

A

benign GI Polyps and buccal Pigmentation

68
Q

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

A

syndrome of 1) esophageal web, 2) iron-deficiency anemia, 3) dysphagia, 4) spoon-shaped nails, 5) atrophic oral and tongue mucosa; typically occurs in elderly women, 10% develop squamous cell carcinoma

69
Q

RED reaction syndrome

A

syndrome of rapid vancomycin infusion resulting in skin erythema

70
Q

Refeeding syndrome

A

hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypophosphatemia after refeeding a starved patient

71
Q

Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome

A

syndrome of GI tract telangiectasia / AV malformations

72
Q

Short-gut syndrome

A

malnutrition resulting from <200 cm of viable small bowel

73
Q

SIADH

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH

74
Q

Sipple’s syndrome

A

same as MEN II

75
Q

Superior vena cava syndrome

A

obstruction of the SVC (by tumor, thrombosis, etc)

76
Q

Thoracic outlet syndrome

A

compression of the structures exiting from the thoracic outlet

77
Q

Tietze’s syndrome

A

costochondritis of rib cartilage; aseptic (treat w/ NSAIDs)

78
Q

Toxic shock syndrome

A

Staph a. toxin-induced syndrome marked by fever, hypotension, organ failure, and rash (desquamation - esp palms and soles)

79
Q

Trousseau’s syndrome

A

syndrome of DVT associated w/ carcinoma

80
Q

Wermer syndrome

A

same as MEN I

81
Q

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

A

gastrinoma and PUD

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