Signs And Symptoms

Question 1

Symptoms and of Hyponatremia

Answer 1

LOW AND SLOW
Lethargy, confusion, weakness, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramping, and possible seizures.

Question 2

Symptoms of Hypernatremia

Answer 2

Dry mucus membranes, generalized weakness, altered mental state, possible seizures

Question 3

Food Sources for Sodium (Na)

Answer 3

Lunch meat, frozen packaged foods, pizza, cottage cheese, broths, soups

Question 4

Causes for Hyponatremia

Answer 4

Excessive fluid intake and lack of Na consumption, diaphoresis is a risk factors for hyponatremia

Question 5

Causes for hypernatremia

Answer 5

Dehydration, and excessive Na intake, long term diuretic use

Question 6

Symptoms of Hypokalemia

Answer 6

Weak, irregular pulse, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness or cramping, decreased peristalsis, hypoactive bowel sounds, cardiac dysrhythmias, increased risk for digitalis toxicity.

Question 7

Symptoms of Hyperkalemia

Answer 7

Anxiety, irritability, confusion, dysrhythmias, bradycardia and heart block, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, abdominal cramping

Question 8

Food Sources for K

Answer 8

Fish (excluding shellfish), whole grains, nuts, broccoli, cabbage, carrots, potatoes with skin on, bananas,

Question 9

Causes for Hypokalemia

Answer 9

Loss of potassium due to vomiting, gastric suction, diarrhea, laxative abuse, frequent enemas, use of K wasting diuretics, inadequate intake, alcoholism, hyperaldosteronism (too much aldosterone from adrenals)

Question 10

Causes for Hyperkalemia

Answer 10

Renal failure, massive trauma, crush injuries, burns, hemolysis, if potassium, potassium sparing diuretics, acidosis (especially diabetic ketoacidosis)

Question 11

Symptoms of Hypomagnesemia

Answer 11

Everything is in over drive
Irritable nerves and muscles, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, seizures, dysrhythmias, EKG changes, altered level of consciousness, mood swings, delusions, dysphagia, nausea, vomiting

Question 12

Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia

Answer 12

Low and slow
Warm flushed appearance, nausea and vomiting, lethargy, weak muscles, generalized weakness, hypoactive deep tendon reflexes, hypotension, bradycardia, slow shallow respirations

Question 13

Food Sources for Magnesium

Answer 13

Cashews, halibut, Swiss chard, leafy greens, tofu, wheat Germy, dried fruit

Question 14

Causes of Hypomagnesmia

Answer 14

Decreased intake and absorption, TPN without Mag, Prolonged diarrhea, laxitive abuse, malabsorption, ulcerative colitis, chronic disease, increased renal excretion, diuresis

Question 15

Causes of Hypermagnesmia

Answer 15

Excessive intake, TPN with too much mag, Prolonged use of IV mag, renal failure, severe dehydration, adrenal insufficiency, leukemia

Question 16

Symptoms of Hypocalcemia

Answer 16

Confusion, anxiety, numbness and tingling of the extremities, muscle cramps, that progress to spasms, hyperactive reflexes, cardiac dysrhythmias, positive chvostec (face stroke) and trousseau (posturing of arm with BP)

Question 17

Symptoms of Hypercalcemia

Answer 17

Lethargy, stupor, coma, decreased muscle strength and tone, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, pathological fractures, dysrhythmias, and renal calculi

Question 18

Food Sources for Calcium,

Answer 18

Dairy products, rhubarb, spinach, tofu

Question 19

Causes of Hypocalcemia

Answer 19

Hypoparathyroidism, pancreatitis, Vitamin D deficiency, inadequate intake, hyperphosphatemia, chronic alcoholism,

Question 20

Causes of Hypercalcemia

Answer 20

Prolonged bed rest, hyperparathyroidism, bone malignancy, Paget disease, osteoporosis

Question 21

Symptoms of Hyperphosphatemia

Answer 21

Signs of Hypocalcemia (calcium and phosphate work inversely)
Tetany, hyperreflexes, muscle spasms, weakness, tachycardia, nausea, diarrhea, cramping

Question 22

Symptoms of Hypophosphatemia

Answer 22

Weak pulse, shallow respirations, hypotension, decreased cardiac output, hemolytic anemia, bleeding, increased bruising, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes, tremors, bone pain, risk of infection

Question 23

Causes of Hypo and Hyperphosphatemia

Answer 23

Phosphate works inversely with Calcium, as serum calcium rise phosphate levels fall

Question 24

Food sources for phosphate

Answer 24

Meat, nuts, legumes, and grains

Question 25

Symptoms of hypocholremia

Answer 25

Irritable nerves and muscles, hypotension, shallow breathing,

Question 26

Symptoms of hyperchloremia

Answer 26

Weakness, lethargy, deep breathing

Question 27

Food sources for chloride

Answer 27

Seaweed, rye, tomatoes, lettuce, olives, table salt

Question 28

Causes of Hypochoremia

Answer 28

Over hydration, heart failure, medications such as aldosterone, bicarbonate, steroids, loop and thiazide diuretics

Question 29

Causes of Hyperchloremia

Answer 29

Dehydration, anemia, excessive normal saline infusions, Cushing syndrome, kidney disease, metabolic acidosis, respirator alkalosis or hyperventilation