Signs And Symptoms Flashcards
Symptoms and of Hyponatremia
LOW AND SLOW
Lethargy, confusion, weakness, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramping, and possible seizures.
Symptoms of Hypernatremia
Dry mucus membranes, generalized weakness, altered mental state, possible seizures
Food Sources for Sodium (Na)
Lunch meat, frozen packaged foods, pizza, cottage cheese, broths, soups
Causes for Hyponatremia
Excessive fluid intake and lack of Na consumption, diaphoresis is a risk factors for hyponatremia
Causes for hypernatremia
Dehydration, and excessive Na intake, long term diuretic use
Symptoms of Hypokalemia
Weak, irregular pulse, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness or cramping, decreased peristalsis, hypoactive bowel sounds, cardiac dysrhythmias, increased risk for digitalis toxicity.
Symptoms of Hyperkalemia
Anxiety, irritability, confusion, dysrhythmias, bradycardia and heart block, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, abdominal cramping
Food Sources for K
Fish (excluding shellfish), whole grains, nuts, broccoli, cabbage, carrots, potatoes with skin on, bananas,
Causes for Hypokalemia
Loss of potassium due to vomiting, gastric suction, diarrhea, laxative abuse, frequent enemas, use of K wasting diuretics, inadequate intake, alcoholism, hyperaldosteronism (too much aldosterone from adrenals)
Causes for Hyperkalemia
Renal failure, massive trauma, crush injuries, burns, hemolysis, if potassium, potassium sparing diuretics, acidosis (especially diabetic ketoacidosis)
Symptoms of Hypomagnesemia
Everything is in over drive
Irritable nerves and muscles, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, seizures, dysrhythmias, EKG changes, altered level of consciousness, mood swings, delusions, dysphagia, nausea, vomiting
Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia
Low and slow
Warm flushed appearance, nausea and vomiting, lethargy, weak muscles, generalized weakness, hypoactive deep tendon reflexes, hypotension, bradycardia, slow shallow respirations
Food Sources for Magnesium
Cashews, halibut, Swiss chard, leafy greens, tofu, wheat Germy, dried fruit
Causes of Hypomagnesmia
Decreased intake and absorption, TPN without Mag, Prolonged diarrhea, laxitive abuse, malabsorption, ulcerative colitis, chronic disease, increased renal excretion, diuresis
Causes of Hypermagnesmia
Excessive intake, TPN with too much mag, Prolonged use of IV mag, renal failure, severe dehydration, adrenal insufficiency, leukemia
Symptoms of Hypocalcemia
Confusion, anxiety, numbness and tingling of the extremities, muscle cramps, that progress to spasms, hyperactive reflexes, cardiac dysrhythmias, positive chvostec (face stroke) and trousseau (posturing of arm with BP)
Symptoms of Hypercalcemia
Lethargy, stupor, coma, decreased muscle strength and tone, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, pathological fractures, dysrhythmias, and renal calculi
Food Sources for Calcium,
Dairy products, rhubarb, spinach, tofu
Causes of Hypocalcemia
Hypoparathyroidism, pancreatitis, Vitamin D deficiency, inadequate intake, hyperphosphatemia, chronic alcoholism,
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Prolonged bed rest, hyperparathyroidism, bone malignancy, Paget disease, osteoporosis
Symptoms of Hyperphosphatemia
Signs of Hypocalcemia (calcium and phosphate work inversely)
Tetany, hyperreflexes, muscle spasms, weakness, tachycardia, nausea, diarrhea, cramping
Symptoms of Hypophosphatemia
Weak pulse, shallow respirations, hypotension, decreased cardiac output, hemolytic anemia, bleeding, increased bruising, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes, tremors, bone pain, risk of infection
Causes of Hypo and Hyperphosphatemia
Phosphate works inversely with Calcium, as serum calcium rise phosphate levels fall
Food sources for phosphate
Meat, nuts, legumes, and grains
Symptoms of hypocholremia
Irritable nerves and muscles, hypotension, shallow breathing,
Symptoms of hyperchloremia
Weakness, lethargy, deep breathing
Food sources for chloride
Seaweed, rye, tomatoes, lettuce, olives, table salt
Causes of Hypochoremia
Over hydration, heart failure, medications such as aldosterone, bicarbonate, steroids, loop and thiazide diuretics
Causes of Hyperchloremia
Dehydration, anemia, excessive normal saline infusions, Cushing syndrome, kidney disease, metabolic acidosis, respirator alkalosis or hyperventilation
