Signs and Symptoms

Question 1

Pharyngitis

Answer 1

Inflammation of the throat
swollen mucosa
foul breath
white pockets are usually indicators of strep

Question 2

Complications from S. pyogenes

Answer 2

scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, Glomerulonephritis, toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis

Question 3

Rhinitis (common cold)

Answer 3

sneezing, runny nose, sore throat, low fever in children

Question 4

Sinusitis

Answer 4

inflammation in the sinus cavities

Question 5

Acute Otitis Media

Answer 5

Bacteria enter middle ear and multiply rapidly causing inflammation

Question 6

Dipthereia

Answer 6

hallmark symptom is psudomembrane

Question 7

Influenza

Answer 7

start in upper respiratory tract and can progress to lower, extreme fatigue, headache, chills, dry cough, body aches, fever, sore throat, secondary infections

Question 8

Influenza A

Answer 8

Pandemics and antigenic shift

Question 9

Influenza B

Answer 9

Very common, antigenic drift

Question 10

Influenza C

Answer 10

Very mild, presents like a severe cold, antigenic drift

Question 11

Pertussis (whooping cough)

Answer 11

catarrhal stage: 1-2 weeks looks like a cold
paroxysmal: severe spouts of coughing spurts that can last up to 5 minutes
Recovery phase: susceptible to other respiratory infections

Question 12

RSV

Answer 12

most prevalent cause of respiratory infection in newborns

Question 13

Tuberculosis (white plague)

Answer 13

primary: confined to lungs
secondary: spread through body organs
Extrapulmonary: bones, spinal cords, brain, etc.

Question 14

Pneumonia

Answer 14

alveoli fill with fluid

community- acquired and nosocomial

Question 15

pneumococcal pneumoniae

Answer 15

most common cause of bacterial pneumonia

Question 16

Legionnaire’s Disease

Answer 16

infects lungs
prefers white men over 50 who smoke
lives inside amoebas that live inside water cooling systems

Question 17

Atypical pneumonia

Answer 17

walking pneumonia, less severe symptoms

Question 18

Hantavirus

Answer 18

produces over exaggerated inflammatory response which can cause lungs to over inflate and you die

Question 19

Histoplasmosis

Answer 19

inhalation of soil contaminate with bat or bird feces, many cases are asymptomatic

Question 20

Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)

Answer 20

Opportunistic infection in AIDS patients

antifungals are usually ineffective due to cell wall structure

Question 21

Salmonella

Answer 21

can have a fever, get into the blood stream and cause septicemia
mucous like diarrhea

Question 22

shigella

Answer 22

watery diarrhea that can contain blood, intense abdominal pain, does not get into blood stream

Question 23

E. coli (EHEC) hemorrhagic E. coli

Answer 23

blood in the stool and can cause irreversible damage to the kidneys

Question 24

Campylobacter

Answer 24

most common bacterial cause of diarrhea in the US, watery stool that last for a few days and goes away, possible complication is Guillain- Barre syndrome that causes paralysis

Question 25

Clostridium difficile

Answer 25

type of diarrhea you get after finishing antimicrobial drugs because the antibiotics kill your normal biota, lining of colon slough off completely

Question 26

Vibrio cholerae

Answer 26

found after natural disasters, excessive vomiting and diarrhea, looks like grains of rice in poop, can die in less the 2 days

Question 27

Cryptosporidium

Answer 27

mimic other types of gastroenteritis, AIDS patients may experience chronic persistent diarrhea

Question 28

Rotavirus

Answer 28

biggest killer of children worldwide, damage intestines to leave them malnourished for the rest of their life

Question 29

S. aureus food poisoning

Answer 29

most common food poisoning, contaminated by handling or lack of refrigeration, effects nerves in GI tract to cause severe cramping, 1-8 hours before presentation

Question 30

Bacillus cereus food poisoning

Answer 30

Vegetables or grains contaminated by soil 2 toxins that cause different reactions 1st is diarrheal that takes 8-12 hours usually from vegetables 2nd emetic takes 1-8 from rice

Question 31

Clostridium perfringens food poisoning

Answer 31

live cells are in food and create toxin once in the body, not common, acts on epithelial cells creating acute abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea set up infection in the GI tract similar to that of C. difficile

Question 32

Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)

Answer 32

adhere to human cells in aggregates rather than single cells, stimulates secretion of large amounts of mucus in the gut

Question 33

Cyclospora

Answer 33

associated with night soil in imported berries and leafy greens

Question 34

Giardia "Beaver fever"

Answer 34

Sucks on intestines and cause ulcers, hallmark symptom is purple burps which is sulfur smelling flatulence, stool is greasy

Question 35

Entamoeba

Answer 35

burrow through intestinal tract ad can get into liver and lungs, create cyst containing nuclei of the amoeba in liver, quadruples

Question 36

Gastritis

Answer 36

burning pain from abdomen

Question 37

Gastric ulcers (peptic ulcers),

Answer 37

lesions in mucosa of the stomach or in uppermost part of small intestine, symptoms become worse at night because when you lay down the acid swishes around

Question 38

Hepatitis

Answer 38

inflammation of the liver, disrupt bile production created the hallmark symptom of jaundice

Question 39

Hepatitis A and E

Answer 39

transmitted fecal- oral route, fatigue and flu-like symptoms, jaundice or swollen liver

Question 40

Hepatitis B and D

Answer 40

Spread by blood and body fluids, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, nausea, rashes or arthritis can appear, some cases lead to liver cancer

Question 41

Hepatitis C "silent epidemic"

Answer 41

most common reason for liver transplant in the US, can share symptoms of HBV but more likely to become chronic

Question 42

Pinworm

Answer 42

Hallmark symptom is anal itching, most common worm disease of children in temperate zones

Question 43

Tapeworm

Answer 43

Can come from uncooked pork or beef, seen in stool as little white worms wiggling around, can migrate out of intestine and into smooth muscle and create cysts

Question 44

UTI

Answer 44

urgency but less excreted, burning while urination, urine is cloudy with ammonia like odor, can have orange or red tint as a sign of blood, lower back pain if infection moves up the kidneys

Question 45

Leptospirosis

Answer 45

Leptospirosis phase: appears in blood and CSF, sudden high fever, muscle aches, conjunctivitis, vomiting Immune phase: blood infection cleared by natural defenses, mild fever, Weil's syndrome: kidney invasion, hepatic disease, jaundice, anemia, and neurological disturbances, long-term disability and death can occur from damage to kidneys and liver

Question 46

Gonorrhea

Answer 46

Male: inflammation urethra pain and burning, yellowish discharge, large number of cases are asymptomatic, primarily stay in urogenital tract but can spread to prostrate and epididymis Female: thick yellowish discharge that is smelly and sometimes bloody, painful urination, can spread to cervix and cause scaring on fallopian tubes resulting in infertility

Question 47

Chlamydia

Answer 47

2-3 times more common than gonorrhea, most reported STD in the US Males: inflammation, cleared discharge Females: PID is very common Certain strains are more virulent and can cause deformation of the genitals

Question 48

Vaginitis

Answer 48

Inflammation of the vagina, discharge (thick like curdled cheese, itchiness, burning

Question 49

Vaginosis

Answer 49

Same as vaginitis except no inflammation

Question 50

Trichomoniasis

Answer 50

Males rarely show symptoms, women discharge becomes frothy and sometimes green, due to its lesion causing properties victims are more susceptible to HIV

Question 51

Prostatitis

Answer 51

UTI not completely treated, urgency but unable to urinate, pain in lower back, blood in urine, painful ejaculation

Question 52

Syphilis

Answer 52

Primary: ulceration usually found on genitals (raised edges and depressed center that is usually puss filled) stays for a few days and spontaneously heals Secondary: dark brown/red rash on palms and soles that spontaneously heals Tertiary: not treatable or transmissible, psychological state is altered and pupils turn cat eyed

Question 53

Congenital syphilis

Answer 53

early in pregnancy will cause miscarriage, later in pregnancy will result in problems with the eyes, ears, bones, and joints, often results in retardation

Question 54

Chancroid

Answer 54

looks like syphilis but doesn't progress past chancre stage, soft chancre, found on shaft of man's penis and generally internal for women, inguinal lymph nodes can be inflamed and tender

Question 55

Genital Herpes

Answer 55

vesicles are small filled with clear fluid, can be single or multiple vesicles on genital, perineum, thigh, buttocks, can occur multiple times not at all or only react symptomatically once