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BIOCHEMISTRY > SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION > Flashcards

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

MAJOR CLASSES OF CELL SURFACE RECEPTOR

A
  1. G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR
  2. LIGAND ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR
  3. TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTOR
  4. ENZYMATIC RECEPTOR
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2
Q

SIGNALING MOLECULE RESPONSIBLE FOR CELL INHIBITION/ STIMULATION

A

LIGAND

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3
Q

A SPECIFIC PROTEIN RESPONSIBLE IN BINDING OF SIGNALLING MOLECULE`

A

RECEPTOR

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4
Q

LIPOPHILIC RECEPTOR FOUND WITHIN THE CELL

A

INTRACELLULAR RECEPTOR

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5
Q

LIPOPHOBIC / HYDROPHILIC RECEPTOR FOUND OUTSIDE THE CELL

A

CELL-SURFACE RECEPTOR

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6
Q

HORMONES ARE THE SIGNALLING MOLECULE WHEREIN CELL SEND SIGNALS FROM FAR TARGET CELL

A

ENDOCRINE SIGNALING

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7
Q

SIGNALING MOLECULES RELEASED BY THE CELL ONLT TO AFFECT CLOSE PROXIMITY

A

PARACRINE SIGNALING

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8
Q

CELL RELEASE SIGNALING MOLECULE WITHIN THEMSELVES. IT IS ALSO OBSERVABLE ON TUMOR CELLS

A

AUTOCRINE SIGNALING

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9
Q

HOW DOES SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION OCCUR

A
  1. CELL WILL SYNTHESIS ITS SIGNALING MOLECULE
  2. IT WILL THEN NOW BE RELEASED BY THE SIGNALING CELL
  3. AND TRANSFER THE SIGNALING MOLECULE TO THE TARGET CELL
  4. THE TARGET CELL WILL THEN DETECT THE SIGNALING MOLECULE BY A SPECIFIC RECEPTOR PROTEIN
  5. A CHANGE WILL OCCUR WITHIN THE CELL RESULTING TO A TRIGGERED EFFECT (EITHER STIMULATE/ INHIBITED)
  6. AFTER THE RESPONSE IS GIVEN THEIR WILL NOW BE A TERMINATION OF SIGNAL WHERE THE SIGNALING MOLECULE WILL BE REMOVED FROM THE RECEPTOR
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10
Q

DETERMINES THE SPECIFICITY OF THE LIGAND TO ITS RECEPTOR

A

LIGAND BINDING SPECIFICITY

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11
Q

DETERMINES THE SPECIFIC CELLULAR RESPONSE OF THE CELL

A

EFFECTOR SPECIFICITY

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12
Q

DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES

A
  1. SMALL LIPOPHILIC MOLECULE
  2. WATER SOLUBLE HORMONES
  3. SMALL CHARGED MOLECULE
    4 LIPOPHILIC MOLECULE WITH HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT
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13
Q

A SPECIFIC LIGAND BINDING TO A G-PROTEIN RECEPTOR WOULD LEAD TO ACTIVATION OF?

A

G PROTEIN

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14
Q

BINDING OF LIGAND WOULD EITHER CHANGE THE CONFORMATION OF THE RECEPTOR ALLOWING EITHER ION EFFLUX OR INFLUX

A

LIGAND ION CHANNEL RECEPTOR

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15
Q

EXAMPLE OF LIGAND ION CHANEL

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

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16
Q

EXAMPLE OF G-PROTEIN

A

SEROTONIN, GLUCAGON, EPINEPHRINE

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17
Q

THESE RECEPTORS DO NOT EXHIBIT INTRINSIC CATALYTIC ACTIVITY, BINDING TO IT WILL TURN THE RECEPTOR INTO DIMERIC

A

TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTOR

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18
Q

WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF THE TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTOR ACTIVATES

A

THERE WILL BE A SUCCESSIVE ACTIVATION OF TYROSINE KINAE DOWNSTREAM

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19
Q

EXAMPLE OF TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTOR

A

GROWTH FACTOR, CYTOKINE, INTERFERON

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20
Q

EXAMPLE OF ENZYMATIC RECEPTOR

A

GROWTH FACTOR AND INSULIN

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21
Q

LIGAND ACTIVATES THIS RECEPTOR’S INTRINSIC ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY

A

ENZYMATIC RECEPTOR

THIS RECEPTOR IS AN ENZYME AWAITING ACTIVATION BY A LIGAND

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22
Q

SECOND MESSENGERS:

A
  1. Inositol phospholipids (phosphoinositides)
  2. Inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate (IP3)
  3. 1,2 diacylglycerol (DAG)
  4. 3’ 5’ cyclic AMP (cAMP)
  5. 3’ 5’ cyclic GMP (cGMP)
  6. Calcium
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23
Q

OTHER SIGNALING PROTEINS

A
  1. GTPASE SWITCH PROTEIN

2. PROTEIN KINASE

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24
Q

2 TYPES OF GTPASE SWITCH PROTEIN

A
  1. TRIMERIC G PROTEIN

2. MONOMERIC RAS AND RAS LIKE PROTEIN

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25
Q

A G-PROTEIN THAT IS DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH RECEPTORS

A

TRIMERIC G PROTEIN

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26
Q

A SWITCH PROTEIN THAT IS INDIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE RECEPTOR

A

MONOMERIC RAS AND RAS LIKE PROTEIN

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27
Q

AN ENZYME THAT BINDS GTP TO RELEASE PHOSPHATE AS ENERGY SOURCE. THIS ALSO STANDS AS A MOLECULAR SWITCHES

A

GTPASE SWITCH PROTEIN

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28
Q

TYPE OF SWITCH PROTEIN THAT ACTIVATES REACTION

A

GTP

29
Q

TYPE OF SWITCH PROTEIN THAT INHIBITS REACTION

A

GDP

30
Q

A SIGNALING PROTEIN THAT ACTIVATES IN RESPONSE TO STIMULATION OF SIGNALING PATHWAYS, IT ALSO CARRIES OUT PROCESS OF PHOSPHORYLATION

A

PROTEIN KINASE

31
Q

A SIGNAL PROTEIN THAT DOES NOT PARTICIPATE IN CATALYTIC ACTIVITY BUT CONTAINS DOMAINS THAT ATTACH TO OTHER PROTEIN TO MAKE THEM FUINCTIONAL

A

ADAPTER PROTEINS

32
Q

DIFFERENT TYPES OF SIGNALING PATHWAY

A
  1. G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR SIGNALING (GPCR)
  2. RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE SIGNALING (RTK) AND RAS
  3. MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN SIGNAL (MAP)
33
Q

GPCR ARE LINKED IN WHAT TYPE OF G-PROTEIN

A

TRIMERIC G PROTEIN

34
Q

HOW MANY TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAINS AN GPCR HAVE

A

7 TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN

35
Q

WHY DOES TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAIN IMPORTANT IN GPCR

A

THE TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAINS OF GCPR BINDS TO LIGAND CAUSING FOR THE TRIMETRIC G PROTEIN TO BE ACTIVATED

36
Q

WHAT ARE THE SUBUNITS OF TRIMERIC G PROTEINS

A

α, β, γ

37
Q

DOES GTP INITIALLY ATTACHED TO INACTIVE FORM OF G PROTEIN

TRUE OR FALSE

A

FALSE

GDP INITIALLY ATTACHED TO THE INACTIVE FORM OF G-PROTEIN

WHILE GTP ATTACHED TO THE ACTIVE FORM OF G-PROTEIN

38
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IF TRIMERIC G-PROTEIN BINDS TO A LIGAND?

A

GDP WILL BE RELEASED CAUSING FOR GTP TO BIND ON THE ALPHA-G-PROTEIN

39
Q

WHAT WILL HAPPENED IF ALPHA-G-PROTEIN IS ACTIVATED

A

GTP WILL HYDROLYZE FORMING PHOSPHATIDYL INOSITOL (Pi) WHICH WILL BE RELEASE RESULTING FOR THE GDP IN THE ALPHA SUBUNIT TO RETURN TO ITS FORMER POSITION WITH Gβ AND Gγ

40
Q

GPCR ACTIVATES GENERATION OF THE FOLLOWING 2ND MESSENGERS

A

cAMP
IP3
DAG
Ca++

41
Q

WHAT ENZYME FORMS cAMP FROM ATP

A

ADENYLY CYCLASE

42
Q

A 2ND MESSENDGER PRODUCED FROM HYDROLYSIS OF PYROPHOSPHATE FROM ATP

A

cAMP

43
Q
  1. _____ A SECOND MESSENGER THAT REGULATES CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM AND ACTIVATES 2. _______
A
  1. cAMP

2. ACTIVATES GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE PROMOTING GYCOGENOLYSIS

44
Q

DIFFERENT CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF cAMP

A
  1. GLYCOGENOLYSIS - cAMP ACTIVATES GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLATION
  2. GLYCOGENESIS - cAMP INHIBITS GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE
  3. cAMP IS INHIBITED BY INSULIN
  4. cAMP IS ACTIVATED BY EPINEPHRINE AND GLUCAGON
45
Q

WHAT ACTIVATES cAMP

A

GLUCAGON AND EPINEPHRINE

46
Q

WHAT SUBSTANCE INHIBITS cAMP

A

INSULIN

47
Q

ENZYME CONVERTS PHOSPHATIDYL INOSITOL (Pi) INTO PHOSPHATIDYL TRIPHOSPHATE (PIP3) AND DIACYLGLYCEROL (DAG)

A

PHOSPHOLIPASE C β

48
Q

SUBSTANCE RELEASE IN RESULT TO INCREASED IP3

A

CALCIUM

49
Q

WHAT ACTIVATES KINASE C TO PHOSPHORYLATE

A

DAG AND CALCIUM

50
Q

SUBSTANCES DERIVED FROM PHOSPHOINOSITIDES

A
  1. PHOSPHATIDYL INOSITOL (Pi)
  2. PHOSPHATIDYL PHOSPHATE (PIP)
  3. PHOSPHATIDYL BI[HOS[HATE (PIP2)
  4. PHOSPHATIDYL TRIPHOSPHATE (PIP3)
51
Q

WHAT WOULD RELEASE CALCIUM FROM THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

A

PHOSPHATIDYL TRIPHOSPHATE (PIP3)

52
Q

WHAT IS THE INACTIVATED AND ACTIVATED FORM OF RTK

A

MONOMER - INACTIVATED WITH GDP

DIMER - ACTIVATED WITH GTP

53
Q

WHAT WILL HAPPEND IF A LIGAND BINDS TO RTK

A

AUTOPHOSPHORYLATION OF TYROSINE RESIDUE IN CYTOSOLIC DOMAIN WILL BE ACTIVATED

54
Q

AN INTRACELLULAR MONOMERIC OF GTPASE

A

RAS

55
Q

WHAT IS THE ACTIVATED AND INACTIVATED PROTEINS OF RAS

A

GEF - ACTIVATED PROTEIN BECAUSE OF GTP

GAP - INACTIVATED PROTEIN BECAUSE OF GDP

56
Q

AN ADAPTER PROTEIN FOR RTK

A

GRB2

57
Q

2 SUBTYPE GRB2

A

SH2 AND SH3 DOMAINS

58
Q

GRB2 SUBTYPE THAT BINDS TO PHOSPHOTYROSINE RESIDUE

A

SH2 DOMAIN

59
Q

GRB2 SUBTYPE THAT BINDS TO ACTIVATE SoS

A

SH3 DOMAIN

60
Q

FUNCTIONS AS GEF (GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE PROTEIN) OF RTK

A

SoS

THIS CONVERTS GDP-RAS TO GTP-RAS

61
Q

A SIGNALING PATHWAY THATTRANSLOCATES TO THE NUCLEUS TO PHOSPHOSRYLATE PROTEIN INVOLVED IN TRANSCRIPTION

A

MITOGEN ACTIVATED PATHWAY (MAP)

62
Q

SEQUENCE OF PROTEIN THAT BINDS IN THE ACTIVE OF RAS IN ORDER TO BE ACTIVATED

A
  1. RAF

2. MEF

63
Q

ACTIVATED BY RAS TO BE RECRUITED IN THE MEMBRANE AND IN ORDER TO ACTIVATE MEK

A

RAF
ONCE RAS IS ACTIVATED, RAF WILL BE RECRUITED TO THE MEMBRANE AND WILL BE ACTIVATED. RAS WILL RETURN TO ITS INACTIVE STATE WILL RAF WILL ACTIVATE MEF IN ORDER TO ACTIVATE MAP KINASE

64
Q

A PROTEIN THAT ACTIVATES MAP

A

MEF

65
Q

A CIS ACTING DNA SEQUENCE IN GENE

A

cAMP RESPONSE ACTING ELEMENT (CRE)

66
Q

cAMP RESPONSE ACTING ELEMENT IS ACTIVATED BY WHAT SECOND MESSENGER

A

cAMP

67
Q

TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR WHERE CRE BIND

A

CRE-BINDING PROTEIN (CREB)

68
Q

ALLOWS CREB TO STIMULATE TRANSCRIPTION

A

CBP/300

69
Q

SEQUENCE F G-PROTEIN CAMP PATHWAY

A
  1. cAMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE (cAPK) WILL BE ACTIVATED BY cAMP
  2. cAPK WILL DIRECTLY GO TO THE NUCLEUS AND PHOSPHORYLATE CREB
  3. CREB WILL NOW BIND TO CO-ACTIVATOR CBP/300

BIOCHEMISTRY (3 decks)

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