Sign of speed in the writing are Flashcards
1
Q
Sign of speed in the writing are
A
Smooth Rounded Strokes
Good line quality
Decreasing size of words
(ALL ABOVE)
2
Q
Which statement is true?
A
Primary signs of speed in handwriting include smooth and unbroken strokes (Correct answer)
3
Q
Factors that effect handwriting include
A
The age of the writer
Substance abuse
The writing Surface
(ALL ABOVE)
4
Q
As an investigator, what should NOT be done when collecting requested specimen writing from a person of interest?
A
Instruct the POI on the arrangement, spelling, and punctuation of the dictated text (Correct answer)
5
Q
What forensic organization was established in 2015, ANSI accredited in 2016 and has twelve consensus bodies?
A
American Academy of Forensic Sciences Standards Board (ASB) (Correct answer)
6
Q
What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
A
Controls fine muscle movement
7
Q
A petroglyph is:
A
a drawing carved, incised, scratched, abraded or a combination of methods on stone
8
Q
Line quality is a handwriting feature that can be defined as
A
A combination of speed, rhythm, shading, pen pressure and pen position
9
Q
Which statement is FALSE?
A
A tapered terminal stroke is when a writing instrument leaves the paper’s surface abruptly
10
Q
Which of the following is NOT a limitation in handwriting comparisons:
A
Original questioned documents
11
Q
What are some observations that have been made from writers under the influence of alcohol? Choose the BEST answer.
A
Illegibility
Often larger
Problem crossing “t”s and dotting “i”s
Irregular spacing
(All of the above)
12
Q
What is the most common writing system used in Ontario?
A
Zaner Bloser
13
Q
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A
Natural variation is the normal or usual divergence found between repeated specimens of one individual’s handwriting.
14
Q
According to the Scientific Working Group for Documents (SWGDOC) Standards, an Identification conclusion can be made when:
A
The examiner has no reservations about their opinion
The examiner is certain the writer of the known material wrote the questioned writing – highest degree of confidence
(BOTH)
15
Q
Which of the following statements is TRUE with respect to the Likelihood Ratio?
A
The Likelihood Ratio Approach is also known as the Bayesian approach and has been used for over 50 years
16
Q
A writer can not write lower than his skill
A
False
17
Q
A writer can not write lower than his skill
A
False
18
Q
Which feature is NOT obscured or lost by examining a photocopy?
A
The printing process that was used to generate the copy
19
Q
The duplicate signature is indicative of a
A
Traced Forgery
Digital Forgery
(BOTH)
20
Q
Which of the following statements is true regarding ISO?
A
increasing the ISO makes the camera’s sensor more sensitive to light
21
Q
Which of the following are examples of security features in paper?
A
Planchettes
Watermarks
Security Fibres
Toner Adhesion Coatings
(All of the above)
22
Q
Which of the following best describes conventional printing processes?
A
Use plates
Usually require printing presses that are not available at home
(BOTH)
23
Q
Which of the following is a digital printing process?
A
Inkjet
24
Q
During the writing process, all of the following are factors that influence a writing instrument EXCEPT:
A
The color of the ink
25
What is a Forensic DocumentExaminer?
An expert who examines a document to render an opinion about an issue involving the document
26
What Lab Equipment does a Forensic Document Examiner Use?
Various magnification devices
Various light sources and filters
Instrument to image impressions
Cameras, PhotoShop, scanners,software applications
27
What types of cases do ForensicDocument Examiners work?
Homicide
Anonymous letters Medical malpractice – doctoring charts
Wills and probates
Fraud
28
The Principles of Handwriting Identification
No two writers share the same combination of handwriting characteristics.
Each writer has a range of variation centered within his or her basic writing habits
29
Handwriting Characteristics
Class characteristics: common to a group
Individual characteristics: identifiable– Deviations from the class forms– Repeated, unconscious habits developed over time
slant, size ,shape,slope, line quality
30
SIGNATURES
One of the most habitual acts of human-beings
31
TYPOGRAPHIC CASES
Printers provide physical evidence in cases involving counterfeit, composite, or altered documents
32
preliminary examination
examine alignment, date on doc, date signed
ect
33
Types of Rock Art
Petroglyph-drawings carved,incised, scratched,abraded or combinationmethods on stone
Pictograph- paintings on stone with natural pigments (e.g.charcoal, manganese dioxide, graphite)
34
Types of Rock Art
Petroglyph-drawings carved,incised, scratched,abraded or combinationmethods on stone
Pictograph- paintings on stone with natural pigments (e.g.charcoal, manganese dioxide, graphite)
35
Cuneiform
Word inscribed on soft clay with wedge shaped reed
36
Egyptian Hieroglyphs
representation of recognizable objects:ideograms: specific/closely related
object phonograms: phonetic value
37
Hieratic
formal cursive writing used by Egyptian scribes and priests for official documents (3200B.C. to 3rd Century A.D.)
38
Demotic
short hand used by the common people (650 B.C. to 5th Century B.C.)
39
Rosetta Stone
discovered 1799 by Napoleon’s soldiers
found in small village in Egypt’s Western Delta –Rashid, AKA Rosetta
40
First Alphabet
developed by Phoenicians along Mediterranean Coast1500 B.C
40
First Alphabet
developed by Phoenicians along Mediterranean Coast1500 B.C
41
Handwriting Basic Fundamentals
hand complex:
27 bones
40+ muscles
42
Handwriting and Age
speed of writing increases between7 & 9 yrs
43
somatosensory cortex
control handwriting pressure and grip
44
premotor cortex
visual guidance by coordinating movements from muscle groups
45
Premotor area
key player in handwriting movements
46
Features of handwriting trace
tremors, awkward or interrupted movements
unusual pen lifts, pauses, retouches, and internal inconsistencies in pen direction, letter construction, or connectivity.
47
Slope
rising/falling of writing along a line
48
Interline spacing
distance between lines
48
Interline spacing
distance between lines
49
Writing Styles
Print
Cursive
Mixed
block printing
50
Line Quality
combination speed, rhythm, shading, pen pressure and pen position
consistency of stroke(s)
smooth and controlled vs. tremulous and erratic
51
tapered terminal stroke
writing instrument still in motion when it leaves
"flying finish"
Often observed in genuine writing
52
blunt terminal stroke
writing instrument leaves paper’s surface abruptly
often observed in simulations
53
Slant
angle or inclination of the axis of letters relative to the baseline of writing
54
Alignment
spatial organization of the writing pattern, its linear arrangement of words and intervening spaces and their accommodation of the page
55
Pen Lifts
an interruption in a stroke due to the removal of the writing instrument from the paper
56
Information to Gather prior to Contacting a Forensic Document Examiner
name(s) of all parties involved?
What would you like the FDE to determine?
How many questioned documents are there?
Do you have originals of the questioned document(s)?
ect..
57
Collection of Specimens
Driver's License
health card
diaries
school book
ect...
58
Procedure for Remote Collection of Specimen Writing
Two cameras should be set up:
One camera that has a full view of the investigator and the person of interest (POI) and the setup of the room (e.g. desk)
Second camera positioned to see the POI’s hand as they write
59
SWGDOC
Scientific Working Group for Documents
60
questioned document
disputed document associated with matter under investigation
61
known specimen
of established origin associated with matter under investigation
62
Variation
is an integral part of natural writing
63
Variation
is an integral part of natural writing
64
Range of variation
narrow* average* wide
65
Variation can be influenced by internal factors such as?
illness, medication, intentional distortion, etc.
66
external factors
writing conditions and writing instrument, etc.
67
Limitations
Insufficient comparable specimens
limited amount of questioned writing
poor quality copies instead of originals
ect..
68
significant similarity
individualizing characteristic in common between two or more handwritten items
69
significant difference
individualizing characteristic different between handwritten items, outside writer’s range of variation and cannot be reasonably explained
70
Circumstantial Factors
Writing media
writing stance paper orientation
writing purpose receipt signature
formal signatures
writing space available and location
71
Temporal States( Induced Conditions) of Writer
alcohol
hallucinogens and hard drugs
fatigue
physical stress
72
Influence of Alcohol on Writing
poor coordination
improper space perception
problem crossing “t”s & dotting“i”s
ect..
73
Physiological Constraints
Foot
Mouth
artificial aids (prostheses)
deafness/sightedness
74
Conditions that Impact Vision
congenital blindness
myopia
hyperopia
optic atrophy
optic atrophy
cataracts
glaucoma
retinopathy
75
Gender
general observation:
females more skillful writers than males
76
Handedness
preference using one hand over other for manual tasks
77
normal posture
writing instrument directed away from writer’s body
78
Inverted posture
writing instrument directed towards writer’s body
79
Infirmity
Age related decline Deathbed signatures
80
Guided Hand
Individual unable to write on own
written under control of another person (guide)
81
Deathbed Signatures
false starts
poor writing position
problem: lack of comparable specimens
ect..
82
Sections
Section 57: Forgery of or uttering forged passport
Section 241.4: Forgery under the Medical Assistance in Dying
Section 342: Theft, forgery, etc. of credit cards
Section 366: Forgery
Section 367: Punishment for forgery
Section 368: Forgery instruments
Section 406-409: Forgery of Trade-marks and TradeDescriptions
83
Literary Forgeries
It is misattributed to a famous historical author or an individual that doesn’t exist
The writing is fictional but is purported to be non-fiction
84
Indications Opinion
very weak opinion, more of an investigative lead
85
Likelihood Ratio Approach
Used for 50+ years and also referred to as the “Bayesian approach”
Approach asks expert to limit evaluative conclusions to degree of support for H1 compared to H2
86
coincidence probability =
weaker evidence
87
Factors that influence opinions
quality/quantity of questioned/known writing e.g. absent characteristics
unexplainable variation
disguise
simulation copies instead of originals
88
Features Obscured or Lost in Copies
the sequence of writing determination
writing instrument
disguise
simulation tremor, pen lifts, unnatural pen stops
erasures, obliterations, indentations
ect..
89
Newcomb’s Rule of Probability
probability of occurrence of all events is equal to continued product of probabilities of all separate events
90
Forensic Reports
Expert should not have to expand or elaborate on anything outside of the report
91
Forensic Reports
Expert should not have to expand or elaborate on anything outside of the report
92
Elements of a Forensic Document Examiner Report
Synopsis of Expert’s
Credentials
General Information and Purpose of Examination
List and Description of all Documents Examined
Equipment
Examinations
Observations
Conclusions
Remarks
Attachments
93
Factors that Impact Assisted or Guided Hand Signatures
Writer’s strength and ability to write
The degree of participation from the assisting party
The degree of participation from the infirmed
Physical conditions of writing:
– Writer’s and guider’s position
– Type of support for document
94
Handwriting FeaturesExamined in Initials
Letter Formation Punctuation
Initial and terminal strokes
Alignment
Pen Pressure
Size
Slope
Slant
Spacing; sometimes get overlapping of letters
Proportions
Range of variation
Use of Flourishes
95
Limitations with Initials
Only a few characters to compare and analyze
Specimen initials are sometimes difficult to locate
etc..
96
Signature Styles
Stylized, Mixed
97
high quality forgery
accurate shape and proportions in signature
smooth line quality
98
forgery is double process (Hilton):
discard own habitual writing habit so take on
handwriting features of other individual
99
Direct
Tracing Using Transmitted Light
100
Indirect
Guidelines
Carbon Copy
Tracing Paper
101
Indirect
Guidelines
Carbon Copy
Tracing Paper
102
Tracing Devices
Ghost Writer:
invisible writer + developer creates an invisible guideline
can be visualized with long wave UV
Spectroline Signature Verification System:
luminescent transfer product
Creates guidelines for tracing
can be visualized with short and long wave UV
103
Fabric Marker
guideline washed away with tap water
used to make guideline intracing
visualized with Sodiumhydroxide
can’t be seen withmicroscope, IR or UV)
104
Reflection Sketcher
screen projects desired image onto blank paper
105
Pantograph
enlarges/reduces signatureby following lines of original with stylus
pantograph pencil automatically
reproduces same lines can’t create 1:1
poor line quality – flexible &unstable
106
Art Reproducer
mirror reflects down on paper for tracing
can enlarge/reduce
poor line quality
107
Free-Hand Simulation with Model
forger looks at model genuine signature and tries to replicate
* product usually improves with practice
under magnification will observe:
pen-stops/lifts corrections
often has line quality issues
missing features incorrect letter forms incorrect slant
different proportions
108
Mechanically Reproduced Signatures
use absorbent material (i.e.wax or tape) transfer signature to fraudulent document
transferred signatures lighter than original
can lift genuine signatures from decades ago
factors influence transfer:
humidity
temperature
storage
109
Wax Transfer
no torn paper fibres transfer + original has indentations
rarely wax coating
Under microscope: traces of brown wax material
thin waxy film – impacted ballpoint pen on paper
glossy appearance
110
Tape Transfer
tearing of paper fibres* tape absorbed
indentations caused by transfer instrument
under microscope: lack of indentation in writing line
tape pick up original signatures, but did not redeposit on receiving sheets (pencil)
possible to destroy genuine signature
111
Auto Pen
a device used for the automatic signing of a signature autograph
112
Long Pen
remote controlled pen and video conferencing device
operates over the internet
113
Complexity Theory
the higher the skill of the writing, the more difficult it is to simulate and the less likely that it is a chance match
the lower the skill of the writing, the easier it is to simulate and the more likely it is a chance match
114
more text and more complex=
Harder to simulate
115
Disguise
Deliberate attempt to remove/modify writing habits
Also known as auto forgery
116
Simulation vs. Disguise
S: Copy writing as close as possible to genuine
D:make writing as different as possible from genuine
117
Disguise Features
change in design capital letters
changing style unaccustomed hand
ECT..
118
GANG TAGS
Gangs tag areas to mark their territory
Gangs advertise to new recruits
Gangs highlight their status and power
It can be a visual manifestation of gang turf wars
Tagging on top of a rival gang’s tag is disrespectfu
119
SOME TORONTO GANGS
14K Triad Almighty Vice Lord Nation Big Circle Gang Bloods Crips VVT (gang) Jamaican Posse Luen Group Shower Posse Wo Shing Wo
120
GANG TAG ELEMENTS
Arrows: point to this area belongs to us
121
WHAT IS GRAFFITI?
writings or drawings that have been scribbled, scratched, or painted illicitly on the wall or other surface, often within public view
122
HISTORY OF GRAFFITI
Italian word “sgraffito” – scratching through apigment layer to reveal another pigment underneath it
123
ORIGINS OF SPRAY-PAINT GRAFFITI
1970s – graffiti associated with anti-establishment punk rock movement
1980s – upside down martini glass was tag forpunk band Missing Foundation and this wascopied throughout the US and West Germany
124
HIP-HOP CULTURE AND GRAFFITI
1983 – Charlie Ahearn’s fiction film Wild Style and StyleWars were influential in popularizing hip-hop culture
125
HIP-HOP CULTURE AND GRAFFITI
1983 – Charlie Ahearn’s fiction film Wild Style and StyleWars were influential in popularizing hip-hop culture
126
STENCIL GRAFFITI
1981 – used by Blek le Rat in Paris
1985 – graffiti style was seen in New York City, Sydney andMelbourne
127
TAG
A graffiti writer’s moniker applied rapidly and repetitively
128
THROW-UP
Also known as bombing and is a more elaborate tag usually completed in two or more colours
129
BLOCKBUSTER OR ROLLER
A large piece usually in a block-shaped style covering a larger area. It is created with paint rollers and exterior paint
130
WILDSTYLE
It has interlocking letters and connected points. It is hard to read because letters are often undecipherable and merge into one another.
131
PIECES
Pieces are short for “masterpieces”, which are large,detailed multi-colour drawings that may take over anhour to complete
walls, billboards, train cars and other large objects. These are judged in competition graffiti
132
TAGGERS VS. WRITERS
T:Use a moniker that they want to get up as many times as possible
W:Often work in small groups called “crews”and produce more artistic pieces
133
Generic
non-threatening messages
134
GRAFFITI AND THE LAW
The City of Toronto requires the property owner to remove any graffiti on the property within 72 hours
Hate or gang-related graffiti must be removed within24 hours
section 430 in the Canadian Criminal Code and depending on the value of the property, if convicted, the vandal can be imprisoned up to 10 years
135
Applied linguistics
Is an approach to understanding language issues in the real world.
It draws on theory, data, facts and analysis to solvepuzzles related to language
136
forensic linguistics
draws on the scientific study of language to solve forensic problems.
137
Other systems include
Morse code dots and dashes
Traffic control signs and lights
human gestures and body language
computer source codes
animal sounds
138
Phonetics
is the study of speech sounds
139
Consonants are described in terms of three variables:
point of articulation, manner of articulation and voicing
140
Semantic
is the study of meaning in words and sentences
141
Pragmatics
The study of how to do things with language
142
Writing systems
The approximately6000 languages of the world are grouped into about20 major families
143
Logographic
each graph represents a units of linguistic meaning.
144
Syllabic
each graph represents a syllable.
145
Syllabic
each graph represents a syllable.
146
Alphabetic
vowel and consonant sounds are associated with individual alphabetic symbols.
147
Qualitative
when features are identified and described as being characteristic of an author
148
Quantitative
when indicators are identified and measured, e.g. their relative frequency of occurrence in a given sampling of writers.
149
where is the world’s largest known forensic writing ink scollection ?
U.S. SECRET SERVICE INTERNATIONAL
Oldest inks date back to 1920s
over 11, 400 ink samples (as of 2015)
150
Ink Components
Pigments: give colour; determine if opaque or transparent
Resins: binds inks together into film and binds it to printed surface
Solvents: liquefy ink to transfer to printing surface
Additives: alter physical properties of ink
151
types of Security Inks:Anti-Counterfeiting
Authentication
Overt
Covert
ink will not appear on copied documents
152
Bleach Reactive Ink
found on cheques and high-security documents
turns brown when bleach applied
153
Dry offset
A special plate prints directly onto the blanket of an offset press, and the blanket then offsets the image onto the paper.
154
Flexography
A form of rotary printing in which ink is appliedto various surfaces by means of flexible rubber (or otherelastomeric) printing plates
155
Bleeding Inks
prints black, bleeds red when aqueous solution applied
▪ no special device required to authenticate
▪ printing process used to apply ink to substrate:
▪ dry offset
156
Coin-Reactive Inks
turns dark grey when rubbed with edge of coin or metal
opaque and transparent versions
commonly used on cheques, vitalrecords, point of sale rollreceipts,
157
Irreversible Heat-Reactive Inks
Colourless encapsulated inks turns sharp colour with highheat
protect from heat/steam tampering
printing process used to apply ink to substrate: Flexography
Screen
158
Intaglio printing:
The printing is done from ink that is below the surface of the plate. The design is cut, scratched, or etched into the printing surface or plate, which can be copper, zinc, aluminum, magnesium, plastics, or even coated paper.
159
Iridescent Inks
pearl lustre inks
contain transparent pigments made of thin film on tiny micaflakes; interferes with incident light = shiny, pearl-like shimmer
shimmering effects when angle of view changes
160
Metallic Inks
Aluminum + bronze opaque pigments = metallic sheen
Not security inks strictly because they are readily available to any commercial printer
It is anti-copy because you won’t get the same effect once a copy is made of the original document
161
Optically Variable Colour Shifting Inks(OVI)
2 hues separated by 60° angle
reserved for banknotes, federal and state issued valuedocuments
162
Liquid Crystal Pigments
Multi-level authentication ink; used for brand protection, passports and banknotes
overt colour shift visible to anybody when viewer at differentangles
covert polarization authentication with high-speed machine-readable or hand-held validation
163
Photochromic Ink
Reversible colour shift when exposed to UV
Reverts back to original colour state
Colourless to colour (e.g. invisible → blue)
Colour to colour (e.g. yellow → green)
164
Thermochromic Ink
heat-activated (thermal) ink; returns back to original colour in seconds
various temperature ranges available: 80 – 110 degrees
cheques, tickets (professional events), eclipse stamp
165
Types of Security Inks
Anti-Forgery
indicate evidence of document tampering from spot alteration or immersion
secondary markers*
e.g. UV fluorescent for enhanced security
166
Writing Instrument Development
1stwriting instrument was sharpened stone
Greeks used steel or bone writing stylus to make impressions on wax coated tablets
2697 B.C. Indian Ink was developed by Tien-Icheu
Romans made reed pens for parchment
167
Writing Instruments
Fountain Pen
Ballpoint Pen
Roller-Ball Pen
Gel Pen
Fibre-Tip Pen
Pencil
168
Factors to Consider when Examining Pencil Writing
width of stroke
clarity in embossing
intensity
cost of pencil
inexpensive: less refined graphite and clay
expensive: made from finest quality materials
169
Factors Influencing a Writing Instrument
pressure
surface being written on
substrate being written on
quality and chemical properties of materials in pens/pencils
point (fine vs. wide)
170
Paper Security Features
Watermarks:
Cylinder Mould
Fourdrinier
Artificial
Copy proof pantograph
Chemical stains in paper
Forensic taggants
Security thread
Machine readable tags
171
Watermarking
highly rated security feature very hard to effectively replicate
172
Cylinder Mould
produce portraits, banknotes due to high graphic definition
method where the dandy roll’s surface has relief areasand the roll rotates in a confined area containing pulp
the mould cylinder deposits pulp onto machine’s wire mesh
173
Fourdrinier
government, financial, and identity documents
174
Security Fibres
visible (red/blue)
overt, randomly placed fibers visible on both sides of paper
invisible UV (blue/white –yellow/green)
overt, randomly placed fibers of various lengths
visible only under UV light
175
Toner Adhesion Coatings
paper has coating that adheres to toner sitting on paper’s surface
if an attempt to mechanically remove toner occurs, the paper will delaminate
176
Planchettes
thin, circular discs made of paper/synthetic material
1mm in diameter
Types:
fluorescent
micro printed
chemreactive
thermochromic
multiple colours
177
UV Dull
covert feature by lack of Optical Brightening Agent’s (OBA) in base sheet
creates low-reflective surface to enhance effectiveness of covert UV security features –invisible UV fibers, UV ink
help detect non-dull counterfeits
178
Methods to Visualize CPS and OEM Codes
Microscope with 30x magnification and lay clear transparency over currency and use marker to identify dot pattern
Video Spectral Comparator: use UV light and filter
179
Who can decode the OEM codes?
U.S. Secret Service has software to decode and determine printer’s: Make, Model, Serial number
180
A counterfeit
an unauthorized copy of a product, its packaging or its logo and is intended to deceive or defraud both consumers and manufacturers
181
The annual economic loss in Canada is estimated to be
20 to 30 billion dollars
181
The annual economic loss in Canada is estimated to be
20 to 30 billion dollars
182
In 2014, Canada passed new legislation
Gave customs officers in Canada the right to detain [counterfeit] goods at the border, and to allow the rights holders who have registered trademarks or copyrights in Canada to take action against the importer.
183
Art Loss Register
World’s largest stolen art database
184
Morellian Analysis
Thoroughly examine the artwork
Tools (May be more modern)
185
Indicators that a Painting may be forged
Old nail holes or mounting parts may indicate the paintingwas tampered with
Frame looks altred
ect
186
Carbon dating
determination of the object’s age up to10,000 years old
187
X-ray
has the ability to detect older work beneath the painting’s surface
188
X-ray Diffraction
Object bends x-rays
Used to analyze paint components and detect alterations
189
X-ray Fluorescence
Flood the object with radiation and cause it to emit X-rays
Can determine the composition of materials such as metals and pigments and date these components
190
Ultraviolet Fluorescence
detect alterations or paintings that may be underneath
191
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) andInductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS):
Find anomalies in paintings; possible that what was found would not be available during the purported date of the painting
192
Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS):
Specifically examines paint-binding components; if these were not available during the purported date or found within the region where the art came from, should be further investigated
193
Stable isotope analysis
identify the location where the marble for a sculpture was quarried
194
Thermoluminescense (TL)
used in dating pottery Older pottery luminesces more than newer pottery
195
Optical examinations
also referred to as filtered light examinations, are non-destructive and can provide valuable insight regarding the overall composition of ink and paper.
196
Ultraviolet (UV), infrared reflectance (IRR) and infrared luminescence (IRL) illumination are energy sources that can be used to evaluate the properties of an ink.
(T OR F)
T
197
Inks which appear identical in colour to the eye can differ significantly in their chemical depending on the pigments, dyes and additives selected by the manufacturer.
(T OR F)
T
198
Collection of standard sample
10/20 times
199
What is a Charred Document?
A document that has become blackened and brittle by burning or exposure to excessive heat
200
Chemical components on the document will impact the combustion of the document Including
fillers in the paper
ink composition
201
Stabilizing Charred Documents
Apply Polyvinyl Acetate in 2-3% acetone solution by spraying over charred documents
202
Handling Charred Documents
Transfer scattered pages to protective glass or protective sheet with flat bladed tweezers
203
Different cut patterns of shredders
Strip-Cut Shredders
Cross-Cut Shredders
Micro-Cut Shredders
204
Paper DNA Collection Considerations
Hard to recover DNA from porous surface-cells trapped in paper fibres
DNA transferred to mylarsheet in ESDA
205
LETTERPRESS: TYPOGRAPHY PRINTING
printing from raised surface
hard metal type used
ink contacts printed area and is directly transferred to substrate
206
FLEXOGRAPHY
relief printing
*
uses flexible printing plates
*
light pressure to transfer image
ect
207
INTAGLIO PRINTING CHARACTERISTICS
raised image
(can feel textured surface)
fine detail
feathering of ink along edges
varying thickness of ink
reverse embossing on back of paper
208
GRAVURE CHARACTERISTICS
cell pattern
*
looks like honeycomb
*
void in centre of some cells
209
DOT MATRIX CHARACTERISTICS
ink dots
*
looks like woven pattern (from fabric ribbon)
ect
210
ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY
*
toner applied by charging the surface to receive toner
*
each colour temporarily fused to set colour before final fusing
211
INKJET CHARACTERISTICS
flat
*
drops are all usually same size
*
can be irregular shaped due to ink bleeding
*
feathering observed due to ink bleeding
212
THERMOGRAPHY CHARACTERISTICS
raised image
*
thick and glossy ink film
*
tiny bubbles may be in ink film due to heating
213
PDF metadata
can provide the most information when analyzing the creation of a pdf document to determine the document’s genuineness or non-genuineness
214
Scanned documents saved as a
PDF generally contain metadata
that only relates to the scanning,
(T OR F)
True
215
“Anomalies”
in the alignment
of text blocks and other minor visual digital discrepancies can
also be created during the scanning and other digital processing of documents
216
FDE
must consider that changes
to documents can be incidental to normal processing by legitimate
PDF users and not necessarily
proof of unauthorized alterations
217
Optical character recognition or optical character reader (OCR)
the electronic or mechanical conversion of images of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text, whether from a scanned document, a photo of a document, a scene-photo
218
Forensic Linguistic language application include?
Voice identification
Analysis of discourse in legal settings
Interpretation of intended meaning in oral and written statements
It was the first form of writing discovered.
ALL ABOVE
219
What is the name of the Ontario court form that a Forensic Document Examiner attaches to their report to acknowledge their responsibilities as an expert?
Form 53: Acknowledgment of Expert's Duty
220
Forensic Stylistics refers to
Author identification of questioned writings
221
You are preparing a package to send to a forensic document examiner. You have not sealed or marked the marked the envelope yet. Which of the below BEST ensures continuity of evidence and minimizes the risk of contaminating the evidence
Mark all envelopes prior to placing documents inside the envelopes; use separate envelopes for the questioned documents and the known specimens; send the package via tracked courier service.
222
Disguise is also known as
Auto Forgery
223
Which of the following is a tracing technique or method? Choose the BEST answer.
using transmitted light
creating indented guidelines with a sharp object
creating guidelines with carbon paper
creating guidelines with tracing paper (also known as onion skin paper) and pencil
ALL ABOVE
224
Why do gangs use gang tags? Choose the BEST answer.
to mark their territory
to advertise to new recruits
to highlight their status and power
used as a visual manifestation of a gang turf wars
ALL ABOVE
225
Choose the BEST answer. In “Forensic Stylistics”, the stylistic features that can be analyzed include:
spelling mistakes
abbreviations
BOTH
226
Which of the following is NOT a disguise strategy:
Writing in your own natural style.
227
Signs of Signature Simulation include all of the following, EXCEPT:
good line quality
228
Signs of Signature Simulation include all of the following, EXCEPT:
good line quality
229
What are the major categories of writing systems?
logographic, alphabetic, syllabic
230
What are the major categories of writing systems?
logographic, alphabetic, syllabic
231
Choose the BEST answer. Factors that impact Assisted or Guided Hand Signatures include
Writer’s strength and ability to write
The degree of participation from the assisting party
Physical conditions of writing – e.g. Writer’s position and guider’s position, type of support for the document
ALL ABOVE
232
Which of the following is a modern grafitti style:
Blockbuster
Wildstyle
Incorrect:
Pieces
Throw-Up
ALL ABOVE
233
Which of the following can influence the strength of opinions? Choose the BEST answer.
Quality of questioned or known writing
Quantity of questioned or known writing
Disguise
Simulation
ALL ABOVE
234
As an investigator, what should you not do when collecting requested specimen writing from the person of interest?
Instruct the POI on the arrangement, spelling and punctuation of the dictated text
235
What is the recommended minimum number of specimen signatures that should be submitted to a forensic document examiner?
there is no minimum, one signature is enough
10-15
236
Which of the following is NOT a style of signature?
Concentric
237
A sympathetic ink is a substance used for writing that
is invisible either on application or soon thereafter, and can later be made visible by some means.
238
Which of the following is NOT TRUE?
Individuals do not vary in writing skills.
239
In the City of Toronto, how much time does a property owner have to remove gang-related graffiti?
24 hours or 1 day
