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Anatomy Shoulder/Axilla > Shoulder/ Axilla > Flashcards

Shoulder/ Axilla Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior Appendicular Skeleton?

A

bones of the upper limb, from the shoulder, arm, forearm, hand, wrist. it articulates at the axial skeleton only at the sternoclavicular joint

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2
Q

Define the shoulder?

A

Each shoulder contains a pectoral girdle. It begins at base of neck and overlies thorax and back.

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3
Q

define Arm?

A

Arm (brachium) arm lies between glnohumeral and elbow joints and contains the humerus

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4
Q

Define forearm?

A

forearm (antebrachium) lies btwn elbow and wrist joints and contains the radius and ulna

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5
Q

Define hand

A

Hand (Manus) lies distal to the forearm and is divided into wrist (carpus) and pam region and digits. Contains metacarpal and phalange bones.

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6
Q

Define Wrist?1

A

Carpus- is part of the hand and Contains the carpal bones

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7
Q

Define Pectoral Girdle?

A

each shoulder contains pectoral girdle, it is an incomplete bony ring made of clavicle and scapula

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8
Q

Describe structure of Clavicle and its medial and lateral borders.

A

”s” shaped long bone. Medial half of the shaft projects anteriorly and the lateral half projects posteriorly.
Medial Border: large and triangular, articulates with manubrium of sternum at sternoclavicular joint
Lateral Border: Flat, articulates with the acromion of scapula at acromioclavicular joint.

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9
Q

Function of the clavicle

A
  • strut to suspend upper limb at SC joint
  • Protects underlying neurovascular elements supplying upper limb
  • transmits impacts to axial skeleton
  • provides for muscle attachments
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10
Q

What do fracture of the clavicle cause?

A

Shoulder drop and pts. suppport the sagging limb with the contralateral (opposite) limb

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11
Q

what are the structures of the scapula? Think of what makes the superior, medial, and lateral borders. And the Superior, inferior and lateral angles.

A

Scapula is large, triangular flat bone overlying 2nd-7th ribs.
-has HEAD which is separated from BODY by NECK..
-has medial, lateral and superior borders, and superior, lateral, and inferior ANGLES
- Suprascapular notch- divot on Superior Border
-Medial Border- parallel to vertebral spinous processes
-Lateral border- ends at head and neck
-superior angle- where superior and medial borders meet
-inferior angle- where medial and lateral borders meet.
Lateral angle- where lateral and superior borders meet, its truncated as the head and neck.

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12
Q

Scapula has many structures explains the ones listed below:

  • spine
  • root
  • spinoglenoid notch
  • acromion
  • supscapular fossa
  • Coracoid process
  • glenoid cavity
A
  • spine of scapula- bony strut arising from dorsal scapula. spine divides the posterior scapula into supraspinous and infraspinous fosae
  • root- medial end of scapular spine
  • Acromion- flat projection (end of scapular spine)
  • spinogleonid notch- is concave and is about midway from where the spine detaches from the body of scapula.
  • subscapular fossa- the anterior or constal surface and is concave.
  • coracoid process- (L=crow’s arch) arch above superior border
  • glenoid cavity- articulates with humerus at glenohumeral joint. is a ringlike head. has Supraglenoid and infaglenoid tubercles that lie above and below it.
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13
Q

Function of scapula

A

Provide muscle attachments
forms the socket of the glenohumeral joint
increase the range of motion of the upper limb

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14
Q

What is the structure of the proximal humerus? include describing the head, anatomical and surgical necks, greater and lesser tubercles, bicipital and spiral grooves, and the deltoid tuberosity.

A

Humerus is the largest bone of upper limb
-head- ball shaped and articulates with glenoid cavity at glenohumeral jt. Attached to flared METAPHYSIS that narrows to the shaft
- Lesser and greater tubercle- two bony knobs jut from metaphysics lesser is anterior and greater is larger and lateral.
-Anatomical neck- divides the head from metaphysis and its tubercles
-Surgical neck- encircles the metaphysis just distal to the tubercles.
-intertubercular (bicipital) groove- separates the tubercles.
Deltoid tuberosity-large and projects laterally near the middle of the shaft
- Radial (spiral) groove- curves along the posterior surface.

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15
Q

Function of the proximal humerus?

A

Provides muscle attachments and froms the ball part of the glenohumeral joint

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16
Q

What population is at risk for fracturing their proximal humerus and why?

A

the elderly due to bone loss and falls

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17
Q

What is the anatomy of the sternoclavicular (SC) joint? Include: type of joint it is, where it is located, what makes it special, and what separtes the joint surfaces.

A

SC joint is a saddle type of synovial jt between the medial clavicle and the sternal notch of the manubrium.

  • it is the only site where the upper limb articulats with the axial skeleton
  • an articular disc separates the jt. cavity
  • jt surfaces coveres with fibrocartilage.
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18
Q

What are the movements of the SC joint

A

elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, and rotation.

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19
Q

What ligaments reinforce the joint capsule of the SC joint that supports mostof the weight of the upper limb?

A
  • sternoclavicular
  • costoclavicular
  • interclavicular
20
Q

What is the anatomy of the Acromioclavicular joint? (AC)
Include: the type of joint it is, what forms most of the joint capsule?l, what ligaments help resist separation of the joint, and what tee coracoclavicular ligament is divided into (parts)?

A
  • AC joint is a planar type of synovial joint with an articular disc
  • the acromioclavicular ligament forms most of the joint capsule.
  • strong Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligaments resis separation of the joint and coordinate movements between clavicle and scapula.
  • divided into CONOID (L=cone) and TRAPEZOID (L = 4 sided) parts
21
Q

Movements of the AC joint?

A

Gliding and rotation

22
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
Where is it located?
What are its movements?

A
  • Synovial joint of ball and socket type
  • btwn the head of humerus and glenoid cavity
  • abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, medial rotaion, lateral rotation, and circumduction.
23
Q

what is and forms the glenoid labrum?

A

the hyaline cartilage forms the glenoid labrum( deepens the small shallow glenoid cavity) and covers the articular surfaces

24
Q

Why is the joint highly mobile but relatively unstable (glenohumeral jt)?

A

b/c the humeral head is much larger than the glenoid cavity such that only 1/3 of head is in contact with cavity at a given time

25
Q

what help reinfor the joint capsule of the glenohumeral joint?

A

the rotator cuff tendons whcih are external to it. The tendon of the long head of biceps brachia also helps stabilize it

26
Q

what are the 2 fluid filled bursae that are apart of the glenohumeral joint do and where are they located?

A

they act as cushions between the joint and adjacent muscles.
1-subacromial (subdeltoid) bursa underlies the acrominon and AC ligament
2- The subscapularis bursa, underlies the subscapularis muscles.

27
Q

What are the anterior axioappendicular muscles?

A

4 muscles that attach the anterior axial skeleton to the superior appendicular skeleton. INclude: pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius and serratus anterior

28
Q 
1-Explain what the pecoralis major looks like
2- its origin
3-its insertion
4- its innervation
5- its actions
A

1- large fan shaped muscle that covers the anterior chest wall. has clavicular and sternocostal heads
2-clavicular head from medial clavicle; sternocostal head from sternum; and 1-6th costal cartilages and aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique muscle
3-Lateral lip of intertubercular groove (superior fibers insert inferiorly, and inferior fibers insert superiorly)
4-medial and lateral pectoral nerves
5-acting together both head adduct and medially rotate humerus; acting alone clavicular head flexes glenohumeral jt;
sternocostal head-extends (the flexed) glenohumeral jt.

29
Q 
1-whats the pectoralis minor
2-origin?
3-insertion?
4-innervation?
5- Action?
A

1-small triangular muscle underlying pec major
2-3rd-5th ribs (near costal cartilages)
3-medial pectoral nerve
4-protracts scapula

30
Q 
1- whats subclavius muscle?
2- origin
3-insertion
4-innervation
5-action
A 
1-small, strap like muscle underlying the clavicle
2- 1st rib (near costal cartilage)
3-inferior surface of middle clavicle
4-nerve to subclavius
5-depresses the clavicle
31
Q 
1- whats the serratus anterior muscle?
2-  origin
3-insertion
4-innervation
5-action
A

1-large, saw-toothed muscle overlying lateral thoracic wall
2-lateral surfaces of 1st-8th ribs
3-anterior surface of medial border of scapula
4- long thoracic nerve (of bell)
5-protracts and rotates the scapula

32
Q

If you injure the long thoracic nerve what can you expect to see?

A

you will paralyze the serratus anterior and the scapula will move away from the throacic wall causing “winged scapula”

33
Q

whats the posterior axioappendicular muscles and what muscles is it made up of?

A

five muscles attaching the posterior axial skelton to the superior appendicular skeleton. muscles include: superficial trapezius, latissiumus dorsi, deeper levator scapulae, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor

34
Q 
1- Trapezius
2-origin
3-insertion
4-innervation
5-action
A

1-large flat triangular muscle covering neck and superior trunk
2-superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, nucal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T12 vertbrae
3-lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
4-Accessory nerve (CNXI)
5-Superior fibers elevate, middle fibers retract and inferior fibers depress te scapula. Acting together, superior and inferior fibers rotate glenoid cavity superiorly.

35
Q 
1-Latissimus Dorsi
2-origin
3-insertion
4-innervation
5-action
A

1- large fan shaped muscel covering lower back
2-T7-T12 verterbral spines, horacolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inferior 3 or 4 ribs (inferior angle of scapula)
3- floor of intertubercular groove
4-thoracodorsal nerve
5-extends, adducts and medially roates humerus

36
Q 
Levator Scapulae
2-origin
3-insertion
4-innervation
5-action
A

1-straplike muscle traversing the posterior neck
2-transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae
3-medial border of scapula, superoir to root of spine
4-dorsal scapular nerve and cervial nerves
5-elevates and rotates scapula to depress glenoid cavity.

37
Q 
Rhomboides major and minor
2-origin
3-insertion
4-innercation
5-action
A

1-two rhomboid-shaped muscles, often not distinct from one another
2-minor- from nuchal ligament and C7-T1 vertebral spins; major- T2-T5 VERTEBRAL spines
3-minor- medial broder of scapula at root of spine;
major- medial border of scapula inferior to root of spine
4-dorsal scapular nerve
5-retract and roate scapula to depress glenoid cavity

38
Q

What are and what muscles make up the scapulohumeral muscles?

A

6 muscles that attche the scapula and humerus. include: deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major, and subscapularis

39
Q 
1-deltioid
2-origin
3-insertion
4-innervation
5-action
A

1- muscle shaped the greek letter delta. divided into anterior, middle, and posterior fibers
2-lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion and scapular spine
3-deltoid tuberosity
4-axillary nerve
5-anterior fibers flex and medially rotate humers. Middle fibers adduct humerus. post fibers extend and laterally roatate humerus

40
Q 
1-supraspinatus
2-origin
3-insertion
4-innervation
5-action
A

1- small fan shaped muscle of posterior scapula
2-supraspinous fossa of scapula
2-superior acet of greater tubercle of humerus
4-suprascapular nerve
5-abducate (first 15 degrees) of humerus.

  • full abduction of upper limb requires rotation of scapula by TRAPEZIUS
41
Q 
1-infraspinatus
2-origin
3-insertion
4-innervation
5-action
A

1-small fan shaped muscle of posterior scapula
2- infraspinous fossa of scapula
3-middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus
4- suprascapular nerve
5- laterally rotates humerus

42
Q 
Teres Minor
2-origin
3-insertion
4-innervation
5-actions
A

1-Small round muscle of the posterior scapula
2-middle part of laterl border of scapula
3-inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
4-axillary nerve
5-laterlly rotates humerus

43
Q 
Teres Major
2-origin
3-insertion
4-innervation
5-action
A

1-thick, round muscle of posterior scapula
2-posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula
3-medial lip of the inter tubercular groove
4-lower sub scapular nerve
5-adducts and medially rotates humerus

44
Q 
1-supscapularis
2-origin
3-insertion
4-innervation
5-action
A 
1-triangular muscle on costal surface of scapula
2-subscapular fossa
3-lessertubercle of humerus
4-upper and lower sub scapular nerves
5- adducts and medially rotates humerus
45
Q

What is the rotator cuff? and what muscles is it formed by?

A
  • its a musculotendinous ring formed by muscles that attch to the greater and lesser tubercles of humerus.
  • tendons bind to reinforce joint capuse and secure humeral head in the glenoid cavity

SITS:
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.

  • inferiroly the cuff has no tendons
46
Q

What is the cuff subject to? and which tendon is the most commonly torn?

A

subject to calcification, degeneration (esp. due to abduction) and rupture.
Supraspinatus tendon is most commonly torn causing pain in anterosuperior shoulder

47
Q

what nerve supplies cutaneous innervation of the shoulder skin?

A

the supraclvicular nerves.

Anatomy Shoulder/Axilla (1 decks)

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