Shoulder and Elbow Problems Flashcards
Upper Limb Fractures Shoulder Dislocations Frozen Shoulder Rotator Cuff Injury Arthritis Golfer and Tennis Elbow
Which shoulder/elbow injuries are common in teenagers?
Fractures
Instability
Which shoulder/elbow injuries are common around age 30-40s?
Rotator Cuff
Capsulitis
Which shoulder/elbow injuries are common in 50s and 60s?
Impingement
Acromioclavicular joint
Which shoulder/elbow injuries are common in 70s?
Degenerative rotator cuff and joints
Cause of upper limb fractures in the young
High enery impact
Causes of upper limb fractures in elderly
Osteoporotic injury
What is the incidence of the 3 types of shoulder dislocation>
Anterior - 90%
Posterior - 9%
Inferior - 1%
What can cause posterior shoulder dislocation?
Electrocution
Seizures
What is a common risk to those who have dislocated their shoulder under 20 years of age?
Recurrent instability
What is a bankart tear/lesion and what risk does it have?
Tear in the labrum
Increases risk of further dislocation in younger patients
Treatment for shoulder dislocation
Manipulation
Immobilisation
Physiotherapy
Surgery
A painful arc on abduction of the shoulder suggests which shoulder pathology?
Subacromial impingement
According to Bigliani 1991 subacromial impingement is pain and dysfunction caused by which 2 changes?
Decreased volume in the subacromial space
Increased content
What can cause a decrease in volume in the subacromial space?
Extra bone - irritates the tendon –> pain
What can lead to an increase of content in the subacromial space resulting in a painful arc?
Swollen bursa
What is the treatment for subacromial impingement?
Steroid injection
Physiotherapy - rehab of rotator cuff
Arthroscopic subacromial decompression
Frozen shoulder is a condition also known as…?
Adhesive Capsulitis
Signs and symptoms of frozen shoulder
Pain - constant, affects sleep
Can bend to 90 degrees passively
External rotation less than 50% of normal unaffected side
Name 3 differentials for shoulder pain
Infection
Calcific tendonitis
Frozen shoulder
Treatment for early presentation of frozen shoulder
Hydrodilatation
Saline
Steroid injection
Further management of frozen shoulder- late presentation
Surgery
Physio
Steroid injection
Acute treatment for rotator cuff injury
Surgery
Treatment for chronic degenerative rotator cuff injury
Surgery if symptomatic
What type of surgery is used for treating rotator cuff injury?
Superior Capsular Reconstruction
How is the capsule reconstructed in a superior capsular reconstruction surgery?
Cadaveric skin graft on glenoid and humeral head
Which tendon is irreparable in surgery for rotator cuff injury?
Supraspinatus tendon
3 causes of shoulder arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Inflammatory arthritis
Post-trauma arthritis
Treatment of shoulder arthritis
Humeral head replaced
What is paramount before initiating treatment (humeral head replacement) for shoulder arthritis?
Integrity of the rotator cuff - will wear out replacement joint if unstable
How may surgery to treat arthritis in the shoulder be reversed?
Shoulder replacement - maximise deltoid function
Which elbow injuries are common in younger patients?
Fractures and dislocations
Which elbow injuries are common in middle aged patients?
Tendinopathies
What is the main cause of elbow injuries in elderly patients?
Degenerative
Sign of cubital tunnel syndrome
Pain and paraesthesia in ulnar region
Management of cubital tunnel syndrome
Decompress ulnar nerve
Why would occupation be an important part of history in cubital tunnel syndrome?
Positional ulnar nerve compression- constantly flexed elbow?
Site of pain in golfers elbow
Pain on inside of forearm
Site of pain - tennis elbow
Pain on outside of forearm
Management of golfers/tennis elbow
Steroid injection
Avoid surgery
What type of blood is steroid injection derived from?
Horse blood
Where is steroid injection directed?
Site around painful tendon
Role of platelets and GF in management of golfers/tennis elbow?
Healing response in deep part of degenerative tendon
First line treatment
Subscapularis inserts into…
Lesser tuberosity of humerus
Name given to socket
Glenoid
Coracoid process - which muscles attach
Coracobrachialis
What articulates at the capitellum?
Radius with humerus
What articulates at trochlea?
Ulna
3 pathologies of rotator cuff
Tendinitis
Bursitis
Rotator Cuff tear - supraspinatus most common and in tendinitis also
Painful arc typical to supraspinatus tendinitis
60 to 120 degrees