shortt answer 13-22

Question 1

13 desribe two of the three classes of membrane protein as demarcated by how they interact with the cellular membrane

Answer 1

• peripheral: can work with multiple non-covalent proteins can be washed, urea or high sodium interactions that will them be removed
• lipid anchored proteins: by adheasing to the membrane they do this through connections and or covalent bonds with prenal groups and or fattyacids , almost like fly paper.

Question 2

14 explain how a symport secondary active transport system can use the energy of NA gradient to accomplish the active transport of glucose or an amino acid

Answer 2

symport system gains energy from sodium ion movement on the gradient and -delta G of the two reactions must be more negative then the +deltaG of the opposing solute.

Question 3

15 describe aerobic glycolysis or warbug effect in terms of the basic changes that occur in the cancer cell metabolism release to normal somatic cells

Answer 3

cancer cells experience supercharged glycolysis reactions which makes high amount fo lactace and glucose uptake which turns into pyruvate but is blocked by acetycoa cuz it converts via lactate dehydrogenase

Question 4

16 given delta g FOR EACH OPF THE FOLLOWING REACTIONS

1. atp adp+Pi delta G^10=.30.5kj/mol
2. glucose 6-phosphate glucose +pi delta G^10=-13.8
   - –show how you would calculate the standard free enegery change for reactions:
3. ATP glucose glucose 6-phsophate+ADP

Answer 4

so looks like rection 3 would be a combination of the 30.5 kj/mol from problem 1 plus the inverse of the delta G from problem 2 which would bring a reaction of -16.7 kj/mol

Question 5

17.briefly describe the intrinsic and system properties that give hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi a very large negative change in free energy

Answer 5

-the neutrality of pH in cells have a –deltaG. So ATP/ADP ration 10/1 while K is <1. –deltaG needs to still have negative reactions to maintain neg free energy changes.

Question 6

18. what is oxidation and reduction of a compound. Can an oxidation occur without a simultaneous reduction?

Answer 6

Oxidation=electron loss
Reduction=electron gain so a floating around electron just cant happen so when one releases an extra electron there has to be something to catch it. So to answer the question: no.

Question 7

19. all of the intermediated in the glycolic pathway are phosphorylated. Give two plausible reasons why this might be advantageous to the cell

Answer 7

1-when crossing plasma membrane they don’t get lost

2- phosphoryl groups transfer to ADP to make ATP

Question 8

20. briefly describe the possible null fates of pyruvate produced by glycolysis in humans and explain the circumstances that favor each

Answer 8

aerobicly pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA via citric acid cycle.
Anaerobically pyruvate -> lactate while NADH recycles to NAD+ leadin to a repeating glycolysis.

Question 9

21.what is glucogeonesis and what useful purposes does it serve in people?

Answer 9

so gluconeogenesis is basically the body providing glucose when there no intake of foods( and or fasting)for muscle. Same type of process when the carbs run out.

Question 10

22. Explain how a biochemist might discover that a certain enzyme is allosterically regulated.

Answer 10

So enzyme kinetics would be affected by molecules. Its kinetics would not fit the Michal menten equation. plot V vs S as sigmoidal