Short Questions Flashcards
What are extra-alveolar capillaries?
These arise from the left ventricle and deliver oxygen and take carbon dioxide from the lung tissues. This vasculature.. which leaves from the left ventricle.. returns via the pulmonary veins to the left atrium in what’s called the venous admixture.
What are the choncae?
Structures in the nose that help create turbulence for incoming air. This mixes it around, exposing the air to surfaces that moisten (via goblet cells) and warm it (venous plexus).
What is the respiratory portion of the airways lined with?
ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
What do goblet cells contain?
mucins, these are released via exocytosis and latch on to moisture/become hydrated which creating mucus
goblet cells are found up until the terminal bronchioles.. where they’re hardly present
Club cells replace their function deeper down the respiratory tract
Define cystic fibrosis.
a mutation of the CFTR gene results in defective Cl- xport in the airways.. this in turn increased intracellular negativity which then attracts more Na+ into the cell to create a charge balance.. Na+ goes into the cell and moisture follows leaving a mucus that is abnormally viscous and cannot be moved by cilia, this results in increased infection probability, dysphea, and a cough
What are Cells of Kulchitsky?
these are neuroendocrine cells located in the airways that are associated with small cell lung carcinoma.. this can lead to uncontrolled hormone release (serotonin, ADH)
What new type of epithelial layer becomes present in avid smokers?
the ciliated psuedostratified columnar cells are replaced by non-ciliated stratified squamous, goblet cell levels increase which creates MORE mucus.. add this to a loss of cilia and there becomes quite a bit of congestion
What does the trachialis muscle do?
The trachialis is made of smooth muscle, and contracts to narrow the lumen of the trachea making for an effective cough reflex.. decreased trachea diameter = increased velocity of expelled air.
What is the lymphoid tissue called that resides in the bronchi?
BALT (broncial-associated lymphoid tissue), protects deep aspects of the respiratory path from pathogens that make it that far past other defenses.
Define asthma.
reversible broncho-constriction of smooth muscle paired with hypersecretion of mucins by goblet cells which dangerously narrows the respiratory tract lumen, caused by exposure to irritants
Clara/Club cells
lack cilia, most prominent cell in the terminal bronchioles, secretes a type of surfactant
these cells can also repair and create new alveoli
also play a role in defense by engulfing airborne toxins and breaking them down with their cytochrome P-450 enzymes
Define Smoker’s Melanosis
a pigmentation of oral mucosa that increases with tobacco consumption/use
What is the innervation of the diaphragm?
phrenic nerve, C5-C7
