Short Answers Flashcards
- Name the organs of the urinary system.
- Describe the general function of each organ.
Organs: Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra.
Functions:
-Kidneys: remove waste from the blood in the form of urine. Keep a balance of salts/other substances in the blood. Releases erythropoietin a hormone to helps in the formation of RBC.
- Ureter: Carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
- Bladder: Stores urine.
- Urethra: Allows urine to pass outside the body.
Describe the location of the kidneys in the body.
Located on either side of the body underneath the diaphragm near the lower back.
Name the structural & functional unit of the kidney.
Nephron.
Regulates the levels of electrolytes & controls the blood pH.
What is the function of the glomerulus?
What 2 functions do the renal tubules perform?
-The glomerulus brings blood/waste products to the nephron.
- Two functions are:
1. Reabsorption: Reabsorbs the fluid through the tubular system of the nephron.
2. Secretion: Tubular secretion.
Explain the difference between filtrate and urine?
Filtrate: contains everything that blood plasma does except blood protein.
but
by the time filtrate has moved into the collecting ducts it has lost most of its water, nutrients and essential ions. When it exits the collecting ducts into the calyces its called urine.
How does aldosterone modify the chemical composition of urine?
Increases absorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the collecting ducts. Therefore urine will have fewer sodium and more potassium.
What hormones name means “against urine flow”?
What condition happens if it is not secreted?
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Diabetes Insipidus= When not enough ADH is not secreted the body excretes to much water.
- Name three substances normally found in blood that are not normally found in urine.
- Name the condition when each named substances is found in urine.
- Leukoctyes
- Erythrocytes
- Glucose
WBC - Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
RBC - Hematuria
Glucose - Glycosuria
Why is a urinalysis a routine part of any good physical exam?
Because with certain pathological conditions urine composition often changes dramatically.
How do the internal/external urethral sphincters differ structurally and functionally?
-The internal is involuntary
The internal is a smooth muscle sphincter controlled by the ANS that keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed.
-The external is voluntary
The external is fashioned by skeletal muscle surrounds the urethra as it passes through the urogenital diaphragm.
- Define micturition.
- Describe the micturition reflex.
- The discharge of urine from the bladder.
- Is activated when distension of the bladder wall activates stretch receptors.
What sometimes happens when urine becomes too concentrated or remains too long in the bladder?
- Too concentrated solid crystals (stones) may form in the urinary system.
- Remains too long in bladder a bladder infection may occur leading to kidney damage, illness or autonomic dysreflexia.
Define incontinence.
Lack of voluntary control over urination or defection.
Why is cystitis more common in females?
Because females have shorter urethra, cutting down the distance bacteria travels to reach the bladder. Also because the urethra is closer to the anus where bacteria from your bowel can collect.
Why is cystitis more common in females?
Because females have shorter urethra, cutting down the distance bacteria travels to reach the bladder. Also because the urethra is closer to the anus where bacteria from your bowel can collect.
What type of problem most commonly affects the urinary system organs?
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Kidney stones
- What are the primary sex organs/gonads of males?
- What are their two major functions?
- Testes
- produce haploid sperm
- produce testosterone
Name the organs forming the male duct system, from the male gonad to the body exterior.
- Epididymis
- Ductus deferens
- Ejaculatory duct
- Prostatic urethra
- Membranous urethra
- Spongy urethra
- What is the function of seminal fluid?
- Name the three types of glands that help produce it.
-Carries/protects sperm down the urinary tract in males & helps neutralize the acidity of the vagina to allow sperm to survive and the swim into the cervix.
- Seminal vesicle
- Prostate
- Bulbourethral gland
The penis contains erectile tissue that becomes engorged with blood during sexual excitement. What term is used to describe this event?
Erection
Define ejaculation
Action of ejecting sperm from the body
- Why are the male gonads not found int he abdominal cavity?
- Where are they located?
- The temperature of the abdominal cavity is to high.
- Located in a pouch of skin called the scrotum behind the penis.
How does enlargement of the prostate gland interfere with a males reproductive function?
Causes the gland to press on the urethra which may lead to non passage of semen.
- What structures in the testes form the sex cells?
- When does spermatogenesis actually begin?
- What causes it to begin?
- gonads
- puberty
- interaction of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and leydig cells
What are the functions of the placenta?
Provide O2 and nutrients to the fetus while removing CO2 and other waste products.
- Define menopause.
- What does this mean to a female?
- A natural decline in reproductive hormones in a women when she reaches her 40s/50s.
- The end of a females reproductive period.
What is the role of the mammary glands?
Responsible for lactation or the production of milk.
- What is the female gonad?
- What are its 2 functions?
- The ovary
- They produce eggs and female hormones
Besides ridding the body of wastes formed during cell metabolism, the kidney adjusts blood chemistry in other ways name 3 other ways.
- Acid/base balance
- ions
- extra cellular volume
Difference of the male/female urethra in structure and function.
- Males is 8 inches/female 2 inches
- Males -during sex semen travel down the males also for urine.
- Females only urine
Changes that occur in kidney/bladder function in old age.
- Incontinence
- Urine retention
- Nephron decrease
- Chronic kidney disease
How are the spermatids converted into functional sperm?
Excess cytoplasm is discarded and what remains is a head/mid-piece/tail
Testosterone causes the male secondary sex characteristics to appear at puberty. Name three examples.
- Facial hair
- Large adams apple
- Larger muscles
Name the structures of the female duct system and describe the important functions of each.
- Ovaries=egg cells produced
- fallopian tubes=passage way to the uterus
- uterus=contain/protect a developing baby
- vagina=birth canal/receives the penis/sperm
How can you explain why eggs do not end up in the females peritoneal cavity.
-fimbraie/fingerlike projections help guide
- What anterior pituitary hormones cause follicle development and ovulation to occur in the ovary?
- What is a follicle?
- What is ovulation?
- GnRH
- Fluid-filled sac that contains an immature egg.
- Release of eggs from the ovaries occurs when the follicles rupture/release.
When or under what conditions does an ovum become mature?
-oogensis
- What hormone can be called the feminizing hormone?
- What structure produces it
- Name a second hormone produced by this structure
- Estrogen
- Ovaries
- progesterone
- List the events of the menstrual cycle?
- Why is the menstrual cycle so important?
- menstruation=uterus sheds its inner lining
- follicular phase=pituitary gland secretes a hormone for egg growth
- ovulation=pituitary glands secretes a hormone for the egg to be released
- luteal phase=egg stays in fallopian tube for 24 hours
-reproduction
- Define fertilization.
- Where does it occur.
- Describe the process of implantation.
- Egg fertilization by a sperm
- Fallopian tube
- A developing embryo travels in a uterus, makes contact with the wall and remains attached until birth.
How is a pregnant women’s body function altered by pregnancy?
- Increase in hormones estrogen
- weight gain
- fluid retention
Compare the effects of aging on the male and female reproductive systems.
Males=testicular tissue decreases, testosterone hormone decrease, problems getting an erection, tubes carrying sperm become less elastic
Female=menstrual cycles stop, stop production of estrogen, tissues of the vagina/clitoris thin chronic dryness
