short answers Flashcards
identify the 6 dimensions of perception and environment – research findings and examples
Perception of…
Formality
-lounge space vs private office… the less formality, the more relaxed and calm energy -given compared to uptightness and proper mannerisms
Warmth
-warm environments psychologically make us feel relaxed and comfortable
-example, fast food chains try to emphasize warmth to keep you there longer
Privacy
-enclosed environments suggest greater privacy, especially smaller spaces
-more discrete conversations are likely to be had
Familiarity
-meeting new people/encountering new environments cause us to have cautious responses
-exposed to preexisting inside jokes makes us uncomfortable
Constraint
-reaction to our environment heavily impacted on how easily/difficult it is to leave that environment (feeling constrained or stuck)
-example, reaction is a lot different in constrained at home for a 2 week christmas break VS prison for life
Distance
-reaction based on how close or far away we must conduct communication with each other
-example, when stuck in elevator with stranger we try increase psychological distance to avoid threat (do this through less eye contact, head down)
· Explain the relevance and research surrounding Temperature, season, social facilitation
Social facilitation- act of someone watching you while presenting etc, you are more likely to be more subconscious when people you aren’t as familiar with are watching you compared to those you are close with
Seasonal- seasonal affective disorder, research shows babies usually born on Wed
Temperature- Extreme heat often tied to high discomfort, hot temperatures caused more aggressive horn honking and moody attitudes
Describe the three types of territories: primary, secondary and public
Primary- clearly the exclusive domain of the owner, degree of ownership is very high and access to others is often very limited (ex. Bedrooms, homes, jackets, purses, dependent children)
Secondary- not as central to the daily life of the owner, nor are they perceived as clearly exclusive to the owner (ex. Television set, magazine, or eating utensils)
Public- available to almost anyone for temporary ownership (ex. Beaches, parks, seats on public transportation, a place in line)
Explain territorial defense and the two methods used
Territorial Defense-
Prevention- a means of staking out our territory so others recognize it as ours and go elsewhere
Reaction- acting in a way that neutralizes someones territorial violation
Explain Expectancy Violation Theory and how it relates to territoriality and personal space
People can engage in expectancy violation theory if they violate your territory or personal space in a negative or positive way
(ex. Negative: a stranger stands to close to you or tries to give you a hug positive…Positive: you are about to walk in front of a car but someone pulls you out of the way)
Describe Hall’s four types of interpersonal space
Intimate- distance ranges from actual physical contact to about 18 inches
Casual-personal- distance ranges from 1.5 to 4 feet
Social-consultative- impersonal business, distance ranges from 4 to 12 feet
Public- distance ranges from 12 feet to the limits of visibility or hearing
Explain how physical attractiveness affects responses/judgments in interpersonal encounters – both positive and negative.
First impressions
Physical attractiveness
Artifacts, clothing
Preconceived judgements because of what you look like when you first meet.
More attractive people get less sentencing get a low amount of time in the court room.
In the workplace the more attractive person is more likely to get the interview or job.
Describe the matching hypothesis and how it influences the realm of dating
The matching hypothesis argues that people are more likely to form and succeed in a committed relationship with someone who is equally socially desirable, typically in the form of physical attraction.
People are more likely to get with people that are the same “rate” as them AKA those that are a 10 and they think they are a 10 too so they will try to get with that person.
Explain the halo effect
The halo effect is a psychological state whereby a person may revert to using a general impression to judge an individual, usually in a positive light. It’s seen as a cognitive bias. Someone with good communication skills may find themselves in the glare of a halo effect, but it may not always work to their advantage.
Describe who touches whom, where, when, and how much (i.e. married couples, personality characteristics, situations/contexts, and gender differences)
Affectionate Touch: This type of touch is used to express love, care, and intimacy. Examples include hugging, kissing, holding hands, and caressing.
Task-Oriented Touch: This type of touch is functional and serves a practical purpose. Examples include shaking hands, patting someone on the back, and guiding someone through a crowded space.
Aggressive Touch: This type of touch is intended to harm or intimidate someone. Examples include hitting, pushing, and grabbing.
Ritualistic Touch: This type of touch is often associated with cultural or religious traditions. Examples include kissing a ring, bowing, and shaking hands with a specific grip.
Professional Touch: This type of touch is used in professional settings to convey respect or authority. Examples include a doctor touching a patient during a medical exam or a coach giving a player a high-five after a game.
· Describe the types or functions of touch (p. 238-240 & lecture).
Describe and identify the four functions of gaze, the research associated with each, and examples
Regulation - tells whos turn it is to talk
Monitor: Listening and using gaze to monitor what is going on (sunglasses on when people watching)
Cognitive: Lying and what your eyes are doing
Expressive: Eyes express emotion, fear, & surprise
What does it mean to say that eye gaze can communicate the nature of an interpersonal relationship? Be able to identify examples for dominance and attraction/courtship
Visual Dominance Ratio – Time Spent looking while speaking/Time spend looking while listening
Gaze and Intimacy Curvilinear (As we get older we tend to make less eye contact – we get busy and other things are a priority)
Emotion through our eye gaze (lots of eye contact if someone likes you)
Lying and Deception – Avoid eye contact??
Explain immediacy behaviors and identify the 6 discussed in lecture.
these are behaviors that communicate warmth, involvement, closeness, etc
these include
smiling
mirroring
eye contact
open posture
leaning forward
touch
Explain expectancy violation theory: positive violation valence, negative violation valence, communicator reward valence, reciprocity, and compensatory behavior.
Positive Violation Valence: when a behavior turns out better than expected
Negative Violation Valence: when a behavior turns out to be worse than expected
Communicator Reward Valence: An evaluation one makes about the person who committed a violation of expectancy
Reciprocity: expected when a partner engages in more positive deviations than our interaction position
Compensatory Behavior: any substantial change in one of the behaviors that requires a reciprocal change in one or more of the other behaviors
· Describe the four turn-taking behaviors and be able to identify examples
Turn Yielding: giving up your turn and expect the other person to start talking
Communicated through kinesic markers that rise and fall with the speaker’s pitch level
Turn Maintaining: when a speaker does not want to yield their turn
Voices get louder
Gestures continue
Frequency of silent pauses decrease
Turn Requesting: when we do not have the floor but want to talk
Upraised index finger (sometimes accompanied by an audible inspiration of breath)
Extended period of simultaneous talking
Sometimes consist of efforts to speed up the current speaker
Turn Denying: we may receive a turn-yielding cue but not have a desire to talk
Maintain a relaxed listening pose, silence, or a gaze
Might take form of smiling, nodding, or shaking the head
