Short Answer Section:

Question 1

Ming Empire (China):

Answer 1

Experienced recovery in the 14th century. Capitals: Nanjing and Beijing (forbidden city) Had an imperial grandeur and used silver as currency. Had a centralized rule of tax collection. Religion: drew on ancient Chinese traditions and Confucianism. Not fond of foreigners. Invested in Indian Ocean exploration.

Question 2

Zheng He:

Answer 2

Chinese admiral, Muslim, and eunuch (guard of the Ming Dynasty). Led 400 feet tall ships on seven expeditions in the Indian Ocean with the aim of establishing presence in the Indian Ocean and create tributary relations.

Question 3

Renaissance:

Answer 3

Time period of recovery in Europe in which they looked back on traditions creating an artistic and intellectual revivalism inspired by Greek and Roman culture.

Question 4

Reformation:

Answer 4

Created by Martin Luther in the Mid-16th century which challenged the Roman Catholic Church by “going back” to the bible.

Question 5

Christopher Columbus:

Answer 5

Sponsored by the King and Queen of Spain to lead Spanish Voyages with the goal of creating new trade routes to Asia. However, he came across a New World (the Americas) opening up the Atlantic trade route and giving rise to the Columbian Exchange (European diseases, crops, and animals) and colonialism.

Question 6

Hernan Cortes:

Answer 6

Participated in other Spanish conquests in 1519 by conquering the Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica. Worked with La Malinche (Dona Marina) to meet with Aztec King Moctezuma.

Question 7

Encomienda:

Answer 7

A system introduced by Christopher Columbus in which the Spanish Crown gave Indian land and labor to European explorers in exchange for tax on extracted gold and silver.

Question 8

Manila Galleon Trade:

Answer 8

Spanish ships carrying silver from Spanish colonies to Manila, Philippines, in order to exchange with Chinese goods.

Question 9

Qing Empire (China):

Answer 9

Formed by the Manchus, a minority group of people in China. Proved their legitimacy of ruling China by adopting classical Chinese traditions. Translated texts to Manchu and banned marriages b/w Han and Manchus.

Question 10

Canton System:

Answer 10

Established in 1759. A system that limited trade with Europe to the Canton city port trade only. Its goal was to minimize contact with Europe because European missionaries wanted to convert Chinese citizens to Christianity.

Question 11

Tokugawa Shogunate:

Answer 11

Japanese military leader who gave rise to a military government in and unified Japan Had hereditary succession. Drove out Christian missionaries and European traders and only traded with the Dutch near Nagasaka.

Question 12

Mughal Empire (India):

Answer 12

Wealthy and prestigious Muslim empire that ruled over India/Indian subcontinent. Established and consolidated through the use of horses/bows and gunpowder weapon. King Akbar Shah who unified India and implemented religious toleration (including Hinduism). Traded cotton and textiles.

Question 13

Enlightenment:

Answer 13

A continuation of the Renaissance. An intellectual and philosophical movement shaped by contact with other cultures which emphasized the used of reason and rationality. Focused on reason, universal rights, and law.

Question 14

Seven Years War (or French & Indian Wars):

Question 15

Olympe de Gouge:

Answer 15

French political activist who was enraged that women did not have the same rights as every other citizen after the French Constitution was issued. Therefore, she wrote her own constitution so that woman could have the same rights as everyone else.

Question 16

Bourgeoisie:

Answer 16

Given birth after/during the industrious revolution. Wealthy class people added to the aristocrats but did not have aristocratic origin and were in competition with them.

Question 17

Indian Rebellion of 1857 (Sepoy Mutiny in India):

Answer 17

Watershed moment in India in which Indians rebelled against the BEIC (British East Indian Company) after they had conquered and taxed many Indian states in the 18th century. Once they were forced to ally with the British, Indians connected themselves to the Mongols, or the Mughal Empire in Persia. The BEIC violated their treaty which led to a greased cartridge controversy where it was rumored that they forced a usage of cow, sacred to Hinduism, and pig fat, Muslims do no use pork products. 40,000 British soldiers, against 277 Indian soldiers. Governing India was transferred to the crown.