Short answer

Question 1

Rationalism

Answer 1

Human Beings are fundamentally rational and most human behaviour is the result of free will and rational choice

Question 2

Hedonism

Answer 2

Pain and pleasure are the central determinants of human behaviour

Question 3

Punishment

Answer 3

Is required to deter law violators. the punishment should fit the crime

Question 4

Human rights

Answer 4

Right and wrong are universal principles and society exists to provide benefits to individuals

Question 5

Due process

Answer 5

Innocent until proven guilty, right to a fair trial

Question 6

Voluntary false confession

Answer 6

Personally motivated. Example: They may want to protect the real criminal

Question 7

Coercied-Complaint false confession

Answer 7

Occur in response to pressure. An example might be after a 12 hour interrogation and the individual just wants it to stop

Question 8

Coerced-Internalised

Answer 8

When someone comes to believe they have actually committed the crime. Example: An individual mistrusts their own memory due to intoxication

Question 9

What is police bias and how might it develop? What is one way we can overcome police bias?

Answer 9

Results from social processes (interactions with certain groups) and cognitive processes (development of cognitive schema). Community policing may improve interactions with community.

Question 10

Interrogation techniques used by police

Answer 10

• Appeals
• Intimidation
• Manipulation
• Leading questions
• Robust challenge (direct challenges that the suspect is lying)
• Soft challenge (soft, friendlier tone)

Question 11

Define behavioural evidence analysis (BEA) and describe each state of BEA.

Answer 11

A deductive approach alternative to FBI Profiling. 
Equivocal Forensic Analysis
Victimology
Crime Scene Characteristics
and Offender Characteristics

Question 12

Organised serial killers

Answer 12

Sexually competent
Lives with partner
Has charm
May move body
Police 'groupie'/follower

Question 13

Disorganised serial killers

Answer 13

Low intelligence
Unskilled
Lives alone
Poor personal hygiene 
May turn religious
May change job

Question 14

What is the cognitive load theory of lying and how can we use this to catch liars?

Answer 14

Cognitive load theory tells us that lying is more cognitively demanding than telling the truth and we can observe body language language to detect lying.
We can catch liars by increasing cognitive demand, such as through strategic questioning techniques: polygraph, controlled questions, relevant/irrelevant questions

Question 15

The Hare Psychopathy Checklist lists 20 personality traits which are characteristic of psychopaths. These traits are grouped under four factors (e.g. affective). List each of the four factors and give an example of a trait which falls under each.

Answer 15

Interpersonal: Superficial charm
Affective: Lack of remorse or guilt
Lifestyle: Irresponsibility
Antisocial: Juvenile delinquency

Question 16

What are the 3 types of Hedonistic killers?

Answer 16

Lust-orientated
Thrill
Comfort/gain

Question 17

Describe three key issues (e.g., definitions of mental illness) that affect the investigation of the link between mental illness and crime.

Answer 17

How to define mental illness
Effects of medication 
The clinical sample problem
Misclassification of the mentally ill and violent
General social trends

Question 18

2 factors that can affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony

Answer 18

Memory reconstruction (fragments of what people saw are pieced together like a puzzle in their minds as they recall memories. Consequently, questioning and discussing an event may alter people’s memories, or their perceptions of what they saw) 
Lineup issues (f the proper procedures are not followed, however, law enforcement officers may unintentionally indicate to witnesses who they should choose. For example, if the photographs used are different sizes or have different lighting, it may cause one person’s picture to stand out over the others)

Question 19

3 ways in which we could improve the validity of the lineup

Answer 19

Giving the eyewitness a shorter time period to decide (10-12 seconds)
Asking them rate their confidence of their identification.
Reminding the eyewitness that they do not have to choose

Question 20

Identify the main expert witness arguments used by the defence, and the main arguments used by the prosecution, in the case of Jeffrey Dahmer. What was the verdict?

Answer 20

Jeffrey Dahmer pleaded insane in his case

Question 21

Describe McNaugten’s Rule. What law was created after McNaugten’s Rule?

Answer 21

There is a presumption, that the defendant is sane, and that they are responsible for their criminal acts. At the time of the crime, the defendant must have been suffering from a “disease of the mind.”
The American Psychiatric Association offered the Bonnie Rule: as a result of mental disease or defect he was unable to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct at the time of the offence.

Question 22

List and briefly describe the five Australian rules of expert evidence testimony.

Answer 22

The Expertise rule
The Field of Expertise rule
The Common knowledge rule
The Basis rule
The Ultimate issue rule

Question 23

factors which can impact the perceived credibility of expert witness testimony

Answer 23

Juror individual difference factors

Question 24

what is Voir dire?

Answer 24

the process of jury selection

Question 25

Name extra-legal factors that affect jury decision making.

Answer 25

1) Pre-trial publicity
2) Characteristics of the defendant
3) Minority influence

Question 26

Describe two ways in which pre-trial publicity can have an effect on jury decision making.

Answer 26

• Can include facts about the crime such as factual details of the defendants past offences of emotional details such as opinions
• impact the threshold of the evidence required, belief in the guilt of the defendant, and the influence of jury members on one another

Question 27

Describe one strategy a lawyer can use to increase the persuasiveness of their argument, and one strategy a lawyer can use to manipulate the perceived credibility of the witness.

Answer 27

• increasing the perception of their trustworthiness, their likability, and their status.
• definitional tactics, inferential tactics, and validation tactics

Question 28

Two key features of the adversarial legal system, and two key features of the inquisitorial legal system

Answer 28

Adversarial:
- The criminal defendant is not required to testify
- The judge does not actively steer questioning
Inquisitorial:
- primary objective is achieving the truth with the rights of the individual secondary
- the judge can be involved from the early stages of the police investigation

Question 29

Two key theories have been proposed in an attempt to explain violence in a prison context. Compare the key features of deprivation theory and importation theory.

Answer 29

In the Deprivation theory, the prison provides degrading and stigmatising conditions, and there is a prison code of violence; whereas in the Importation theory, prison is an open system, and does not involve the notion of a violent prison subculture but the importation of attitudes, values and motivations from outside prison.

Question 30

According to cognitive theory, what is the cause of our fear of crime?

Answer 30

• subjective victimisation risk

- Perceived negative impact

Question 31

what 3 factors influence the decision to report crime?

Answer 31

Cost, Affect and Social processes

Question 32

What are the three main ways in which our perception of crime may be influenced?

Answer 32

• direct knowledge
• mass media
• individual differences