Short Answer Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 ways plants can reduce water loss by evaporation

A

Cuticle, hairs, close stoma

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2
Q

Explain the importance of the root cap.

A
  1. Protect the meristem

2. Guide the root downward

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3
Q

Explain the importance of root hairs

A
  1. Increases surface area

2. Absorbs more water

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4
Q

List the 3 functions of roots.

A

Anchor the plant
Absorb water
Store food

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5
Q

Why is it important that the lower layer of leaf mesophyll is spongy?

A

So air can be circulated to all cells

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6
Q

Give 2 differences between monocots and dicots

A

Monocots- 1 seed leaf, parallel veins, fibrous root, 3 part plant
Dicots- 2 seed leaves, branched veins, tap root, 5 part plant

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7
Q

Explain the difference between xylem and phloem

A

Xylem- carries water up

Phloem- carries food down

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8
Q

What is happening at a meristem?

A

Cell division

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9
Q

What is the purpose of guard cells?

A
  1. Open and close stoma
  2. Control water loss
  3. Gas exchange
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10
Q

What role do guard cells play in homeostasis?

A

Maintains proper water levels

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11
Q

What is girdling?

A

Removing bark in a circle around a tree

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12
Q

How can girdling kill a tree?

A

The food cannot reach the roots to be restored

In the spring there is no food left to help make new leaves

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13
Q

Explain how osmosis and transpiration work together to move water from the soil in the roots and up to the leaves.

A

Osmosis- water pushing in at roots

Transpiration- water being pulled up as it evaporates from the leag

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14
Q

Name and give the function of 2 flower parts other than the pistil and stamen.

A

Petal- attracts insects

Sepal- protects bud

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15
Q

What is meant by double fertilization?

A

Two sperm pollinate the plant and one joins with the cell and makes the embryo and 2nd sperm unites with the polar bodies and makes endosperm

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16
Q

Name 3 ways seeds can be dispersed and describe how it can be dispersed

A

Water- floatable, solid
Wind- propeller/wing
Animal- bristly or sticky

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17
Q

Explain how auxin causes phototropism

A

Grows on the darker side of the plant so the plant bends toward the light

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18
Q

Stems show 2 types of tropisms. Explain.

A

Positive phototropism- stem grows toward light

Negative gravitropism- stem grows opposite gravity

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19
Q

Explain the relationship between pruning and apical dominance.

A

Auxin in the meristem inhibits apical dominance, removing the meristem, removes inhibition, and side branches down

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20
Q

How and why can irises be made to bloom in December?

A

Iris long day plant, if you shine light on them during night on short days they think it’s a long day thus blooming

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21
Q

Explain an example of how our plant hormone knowledge has allowed us to improve products.

A

Cytokins- keep flowers, fruits, veggies fresh (slower aging)

Giberellins- increase size of fruits

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22
Q

Give all the possible gamete genotypes of a BbDd dihybrid parent

A

BD, Bd, bD, bd

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23
Q

Why do more men than women show sex-linked traits like color blindness?

A

Men only get 1 x chromosome, of the gene is on the x they show what’s on it, even if recessive, women have 2xs and all it has to be on is one

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24
Q

Give 2 characteristics of chromosomes by which they can be identified and paired up

A

Centromere location and length

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25
Q

Describe the levels of organization of living things. Smallest to lowest

A

Chemicals-cells-tissue-organ-organ system-organism

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26
Q

Describe these 3 systems

Circulatory, urinary, integumentary

A

Circulatory- blood movement thru body
Urinary- remove waste from body
Integumentary-skin

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27
Q

Give an example of how the skeleton provides protection

A

Protects brain when you hit your head on something

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28
Q

Why do shin splints hurt?

A

Muscle is being peeled off the bone

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29
Q

Why are bone ends protected with cartilage?

A

In order to cushion the bones clashing

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30
Q

Give an example of each type of joint

Hinge ball and socket saddle

A

Hinge-finger
Ball&socket-shoulder,hip
Saddle-base of thumb

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31
Q

Why must muscles work in pairs?

A

1 to bend

1 to straighten

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32
Q

Explain the “sliding filament model” of muscle contraction.

A

Protein filaments slide past each other.

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33
Q

Describe 2 ways your skin helps to regulate body temperature.

A

Blood vessels open and close

Sweating, shivering

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34
Q

When a person is burned over a large portion of their body, what are the 2 most life-threatening risks?

A

Infection, dehydration

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35
Q

Why is it that light- skinned people cannot keep a tan over the winter when there is less sun exposure?

A

Cells with melanin fall off and the new cells don’t have as much melanin

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36
Q

Describe the muscles that are found in the dermis.

A

The ones that make goosebumps, make hair stand up

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37
Q

Explain how whiteheads are formed.

A

Dead skin cells clog up a pore and since there is no oxygen bacteria comes and stem by white blood cells creating puss

38
Q

Explain the difference in where carcinomas and melanomas begin.

A

Carcinomas-cells without melanin

Melanomas-cells that make melanin

39
Q

Why are melanomas more deadly than carcinomas?

A

Melanomas spread more rapidly.

40
Q

Name and describe the purpose of each of the two girdles of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Pelvic girdle-holds legs in place

Shoulder blade-holds arms in place

41
Q

Why does exercise help prevent osteoporosis?

A

Bones won’t release calcium into the blood

42
Q

What are the different purposes of keratin and melanin? (both proteins)

A

Keratin-makes things tuff/waterproof

Melanin-gives color (pigment)

43
Q

Why does smoking reduce the amount of oxygen the blood can carry?

A

Hydrogen binds to the carbondioxide instead of the oxygen

44
Q

What 3 parts make up of circulatory system?

A

Blood
Blood vessels
Heart

45
Q

Name 3 substances that are transported by the circulatory system

A

Oxygen
Nutrients
Hormones

46
Q

Explain what is meant by “food and gas exchange”

A

Swapping gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen, depositing and obtaining new nutrients

47
Q

What is the purpose of valves?

How do they do it?

A

Keep blood going in the right direction.

Valves

48
Q

Where are 2 locations where valves are found?

A

Heart

Veins

49
Q

Why can an EKG detect damaged spots in the heart muscle that result from a heart attack?

A

Only non-damaged spots can conduct the energy

50
Q

Where does blood get to “do its job” why there?

A

Capillaries
Walls are one cell thick
Cells 2 cells away

51
Q

How does blood get back to your heart from your feet

A

Muscles-squeeze veins

Valves-keep blood going the right way

52
Q

The heart pumps blood through2 different loops-pulmonary and systemic circulation. Explain.

A

Pulmonary- top loop to lungs

Systemic- bottom loop to body

53
Q

Describe the path of blood.

A

Superior & inferior vena cavae———->right atrium—valve—>right ventricle—pulmonary artiole—>lungs—pulmonary vein—>left atrium—valve—>left ventricle—aorta—>body

54
Q

Why is the left ventricles muscle wall thicker than the rights

A

Blood is being pumped out of it

55
Q

Why is high blood pressure a dangerous condition?

A

If you overwork-heart damage

Higher chance of cholesterol to stick to arteries

56
Q

Why is it best to breathe through mouth instead of nose?

A

Cleaned by mucus and hairs
Warmed by capillaries
Moistened by mucus

57
Q

How does the brain know when to make you breathe faster?

A

Detects oxygen in blood by acidity

58
Q

What is one respiratory disease caused by smoking?

A

Lung cancer

59
Q

What do strokes and heart attacks have in common?

A

Caused by artery blockage, all tissue downstream blockage dies

60
Q

Describe the structures that allow gas exchange in the lungs

A

Capillaries & alveoli are one cell thick so they are only 2 cells away from air

61
Q

Explain the relationship between alveoli and surface area.

A

Many tiny of them increase the surface area for gas exchange

62
Q

Name the 6 nutrients

A

Vitamins, minerals, water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

63
Q

Describe the 2 categories of vitamins. Which type is dangerous if taking large amounts and why?

A

Water soluble

Fat soluble-extra fat stores in liver, to much left over vitamin it is toxic and damaging

64
Q

Describe 2 ways in which the tongue helps with digestion

A

Pushes food in between teeth

Helps swallow

65
Q

What is the part of the digestive tract where there is no digestion, but water and minerals are absorbed from wastes?

66
Q

What is the difference between the digestive tract and accessory organs?

A

Digestive tract-food passes thru

Accessory organs-secretes juices into tube, food does not pass thru it

67
Q

2 examples of carbohydrates

A

Bread, pasta

68
Q

2 examples of proteins

A

Meat, nuts

69
Q

2 examples of minerals

A

Calcium, iron

70
Q

2 functions of saliva

A

Lubricate food

Break down starch—>sugars

71
Q

What is the purpose of the villi that line the small intestine?

A

More surface area for absorption of nutrients

72
Q

What are the 2 processes that occur in the small intestine?

A

Digestion

Absorbtion

73
Q

Give 2 examples discussed in the digestive system where a structure is designed in a way that it increases surface area for better function.

A

Folds in small intestine

Alveoli in lungs

74
Q

What does peristalsis have to do with diarrhea and constipation?

A

Diarrhea-if muscles contract to fast

Constipation-if muscles contract to slow

75
Q

How does a high fiber diet reduce risk of colon cancer?

A

Keeps waste moving quickly so there is not time to irritate the colon which causes cancer

76
Q

What is an ulcer?

What are the 3 causes?

A

Sore in stomach

Too much acid
Too little acid
Bacteria

77
Q

Heartburn has nothing to do with the heart. Explain.

A

Stomach acid backs up into esophagus and burns it because there is no protective layer

78
Q

Explain the 2 processes the kidneys use to remove metabolic wastes from the blood.

A

Filtration-removes everything from blood

Reabsorbtion-takes essentials back into blood

79
Q

What happens to substances that are not reabsorbed by the kidney?

A

Excreted thru urine

80
Q

Why are the lungs considered to be organs of secretion?

A

They push carbon dioxide out of the body

81
Q

Give 2 examples of how a kidney might be damaged.

A

Infection

Diabetes

82
Q

Many drugs change how the nervous system responds by affecting which part of the nervous system

83
Q

How does skin serve as the body’s first line of defense against pathogens?

A

It acts as a impenetrable barrier

84
Q

Give 2 examples of special defenses at natural openings in skin.

A

Mucus

Cilia

85
Q

Give 4 ways disease can be transmitted to humans.

A

People
Air
Water
Food

86
Q

Name 2 main ways a person can get immunity from a disease

A

Vaccination

Having it before

87
Q

Why are babies reactions slower than adults?

A

Axons haven’t myelinated yet

88
Q

Describe how a reflex is wired/how it works.

A

Sensory nerve to spinal cord to motor nerve to the muscle

89
Q

Explain why loud noises causes permanent hearing loss.

A

Break receptor hairs in cochlea that don’t grow back

90
Q

What is the pathway of vibrations we “hear”?

A

Ear canal-eardrum-hammer anvil stirrup-oval window-cochlea