Short Answer Flashcards
Name 2 ways plants can reduce water loss by evaporation
Cuticle, hairs, close stoma
Explain the importance of the root cap.
- Protect the meristem
2. Guide the root downward
Explain the importance of root hairs
- Increases surface area
2. Absorbs more water
List the 3 functions of roots.
Anchor the plant
Absorb water
Store food
Why is it important that the lower layer of leaf mesophyll is spongy?
So air can be circulated to all cells
Give 2 differences between monocots and dicots
Monocots- 1 seed leaf, parallel veins, fibrous root, 3 part plant
Dicots- 2 seed leaves, branched veins, tap root, 5 part plant
Explain the difference between xylem and phloem
Xylem- carries water up
Phloem- carries food down
What is happening at a meristem?
Cell division
What is the purpose of guard cells?
- Open and close stoma
- Control water loss
- Gas exchange
What role do guard cells play in homeostasis?
Maintains proper water levels
What is girdling?
Removing bark in a circle around a tree
How can girdling kill a tree?
The food cannot reach the roots to be restored
In the spring there is no food left to help make new leaves
Explain how osmosis and transpiration work together to move water from the soil in the roots and up to the leaves.
Osmosis- water pushing in at roots
Transpiration- water being pulled up as it evaporates from the leag
Name and give the function of 2 flower parts other than the pistil and stamen.
Petal- attracts insects
Sepal- protects bud
What is meant by double fertilization?
Two sperm pollinate the plant and one joins with the cell and makes the embryo and 2nd sperm unites with the polar bodies and makes endosperm
Name 3 ways seeds can be dispersed and describe how it can be dispersed
Water- floatable, solid
Wind- propeller/wing
Animal- bristly or sticky
Explain how auxin causes phototropism
Grows on the darker side of the plant so the plant bends toward the light
Stems show 2 types of tropisms. Explain.
Positive phototropism- stem grows toward light
Negative gravitropism- stem grows opposite gravity
Explain the relationship between pruning and apical dominance.
Auxin in the meristem inhibits apical dominance, removing the meristem, removes inhibition, and side branches down
How and why can irises be made to bloom in December?
Iris long day plant, if you shine light on them during night on short days they think it’s a long day thus blooming
Explain an example of how our plant hormone knowledge has allowed us to improve products.
Cytokins- keep flowers, fruits, veggies fresh (slower aging)
Giberellins- increase size of fruits
Give all the possible gamete genotypes of a BbDd dihybrid parent
BD, Bd, bD, bd
Why do more men than women show sex-linked traits like color blindness?
Men only get 1 x chromosome, of the gene is on the x they show what’s on it, even if recessive, women have 2xs and all it has to be on is one
Give 2 characteristics of chromosomes by which they can be identified and paired up
Centromere location and length
Describe the levels of organization of living things. Smallest to lowest
Chemicals-cells-tissue-organ-organ system-organism
Describe these 3 systems
Circulatory, urinary, integumentary
Circulatory- blood movement thru body
Urinary- remove waste from body
Integumentary-skin
Give an example of how the skeleton provides protection
Protects brain when you hit your head on something
Why do shin splints hurt?
Muscle is being peeled off the bone
Why are bone ends protected with cartilage?
In order to cushion the bones clashing
Give an example of each type of joint
Hinge ball and socket saddle
Hinge-finger
Ball&socket-shoulder,hip
Saddle-base of thumb
Why must muscles work in pairs?
1 to bend
1 to straighten
Explain the “sliding filament model” of muscle contraction.
Protein filaments slide past each other.
Describe 2 ways your skin helps to regulate body temperature.
Blood vessels open and close
Sweating, shivering
When a person is burned over a large portion of their body, what are the 2 most life-threatening risks?
Infection, dehydration
Why is it that light- skinned people cannot keep a tan over the winter when there is less sun exposure?
Cells with melanin fall off and the new cells don’t have as much melanin
Describe the muscles that are found in the dermis.
The ones that make goosebumps, make hair stand up
Explain how whiteheads are formed.
Dead skin cells clog up a pore and since there is no oxygen bacteria comes and stem by white blood cells creating puss
Explain the difference in where carcinomas and melanomas begin.
Carcinomas-cells without melanin
Melanomas-cells that make melanin
Why are melanomas more deadly than carcinomas?
Melanomas spread more rapidly.
Name and describe the purpose of each of the two girdles of the appendicular skeleton?
Pelvic girdle-holds legs in place
Shoulder blade-holds arms in place
Why does exercise help prevent osteoporosis?
Bones won’t release calcium into the blood
What are the different purposes of keratin and melanin? (both proteins)
Keratin-makes things tuff/waterproof
Melanin-gives color (pigment)
Why does smoking reduce the amount of oxygen the blood can carry?
Hydrogen binds to the carbondioxide instead of the oxygen
What 3 parts make up of circulatory system?
Blood
Blood vessels
Heart
Name 3 substances that are transported by the circulatory system
Oxygen
Nutrients
Hormones
Explain what is meant by “food and gas exchange”
Swapping gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen, depositing and obtaining new nutrients
What is the purpose of valves?
How do they do it?
Keep blood going in the right direction.
Valves
Where are 2 locations where valves are found?
Heart
Veins
Why can an EKG detect damaged spots in the heart muscle that result from a heart attack?
Only non-damaged spots can conduct the energy
Where does blood get to “do its job” why there?
Capillaries
Walls are one cell thick
Cells 2 cells away
How does blood get back to your heart from your feet
Muscles-squeeze veins
Valves-keep blood going the right way
The heart pumps blood through2 different loops-pulmonary and systemic circulation. Explain.
Pulmonary- top loop to lungs
Systemic- bottom loop to body
Describe the path of blood.
Superior & inferior vena cavae———->right atrium—valve—>right ventricle—pulmonary artiole—>lungs—pulmonary vein—>left atrium—valve—>left ventricle—aorta—>body
Why is the left ventricles muscle wall thicker than the rights
Blood is being pumped out of it
Why is high blood pressure a dangerous condition?
If you overwork-heart damage
Higher chance of cholesterol to stick to arteries
Why is it best to breathe through mouth instead of nose?
Cleaned by mucus and hairs
Warmed by capillaries
Moistened by mucus
How does the brain know when to make you breathe faster?
Detects oxygen in blood by acidity
What is one respiratory disease caused by smoking?
Lung cancer
What do strokes and heart attacks have in common?
Caused by artery blockage, all tissue downstream blockage dies
Describe the structures that allow gas exchange in the lungs
Capillaries & alveoli are one cell thick so they are only 2 cells away from air
Explain the relationship between alveoli and surface area.
Many tiny of them increase the surface area for gas exchange
Name the 6 nutrients
Vitamins, minerals, water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
Describe the 2 categories of vitamins. Which type is dangerous if taking large amounts and why?
Water soluble
Fat soluble-extra fat stores in liver, to much left over vitamin it is toxic and damaging
Describe 2 ways in which the tongue helps with digestion
Pushes food in between teeth
Helps swallow
What is the part of the digestive tract where there is no digestion, but water and minerals are absorbed from wastes?
Colon
What is the difference between the digestive tract and accessory organs?
Digestive tract-food passes thru
Accessory organs-secretes juices into tube, food does not pass thru it
2 examples of carbohydrates
Bread, pasta
2 examples of proteins
Meat, nuts
2 examples of minerals
Calcium, iron
2 functions of saliva
Lubricate food
Break down starch—>sugars
What is the purpose of the villi that line the small intestine?
More surface area for absorption of nutrients
What are the 2 processes that occur in the small intestine?
Digestion
Absorbtion
Give 2 examples discussed in the digestive system where a structure is designed in a way that it increases surface area for better function.
Folds in small intestine
Alveoli in lungs
What does peristalsis have to do with diarrhea and constipation?
Diarrhea-if muscles contract to fast
Constipation-if muscles contract to slow
How does a high fiber diet reduce risk of colon cancer?
Keeps waste moving quickly so there is not time to irritate the colon which causes cancer
What is an ulcer?
What are the 3 causes?
Sore in stomach
Too much acid
Too little acid
Bacteria
Heartburn has nothing to do with the heart. Explain.
Stomach acid backs up into esophagus and burns it because there is no protective layer
Explain the 2 processes the kidneys use to remove metabolic wastes from the blood.
Filtration-removes everything from blood
Reabsorbtion-takes essentials back into blood
What happens to substances that are not reabsorbed by the kidney?
Excreted thru urine
Why are the lungs considered to be organs of secretion?
They push carbon dioxide out of the body
Give 2 examples of how a kidney might be damaged.
Infection
Diabetes
Many drugs change how the nervous system responds by affecting which part of the nervous system
Synapse
How does skin serve as the body’s first line of defense against pathogens?
It acts as a impenetrable barrier
Give 2 examples of special defenses at natural openings in skin.
Mucus
Cilia
Give 4 ways disease can be transmitted to humans.
People
Air
Water
Food
Name 2 main ways a person can get immunity from a disease
Vaccination
Having it before
Why are babies reactions slower than adults?
Axons haven’t myelinated yet
Describe how a reflex is wired/how it works.
Sensory nerve to spinal cord to motor nerve to the muscle
Explain why loud noises causes permanent hearing loss.
Break receptor hairs in cochlea that don’t grow back
What is the pathway of vibrations we “hear”?
Ear canal-eardrum-hammer anvil stirrup-oval window-cochlea