Short answer

Question 1

Which ligaments join the laminae of adjacent vertebral arches and help to preserve the normal curvature of the spine?

Answer 1

Ligament flava

Question 2

List the structures that make up the vertebral arch.

Answer 2

Pedicles
Laminae

Question 3

Describe the site and types of the facet joints.

Answer 3

The facet joints are located between the articular processes of two adjacent vertebrae. They
are synovial joints that allow for flexibility and movement of the spine.

Question 4

Describe the structure and function of the intervertebral discs.

Answer 4

The intervertebral discs consist of an outer fibrous ring called the annulus fibrosus and an
inner gel-like core called the nucleus pulposus.

They act as shock absorbers and allow for movement and flexibility of the spine.

Question 5

List the three main features of the typical cervical vertebrae.

Answer 5

Bifid spinous process
Transverse foramina
Small and oval vertebral body

Question 6

List the names of the ligaments which are connected to the vertebral body.

Answer 6

Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament

Question 7

List the names of the processes of each vertebra.

Answer 7

Spinous process
Transverse processes
Articular processes

Question 8

List the names of the ligaments which are connected to the dens of C2.

Answer 8

Alar ligaments
Apical ligament
Cruciate ligament (transverse part)

Question 9

List four anatomical events that occur at the level of the sternal angle (Lewis Angle).

Answer 9

Bifurcation of the trachea
Beginning and end of the aortic arch
Intersection with the second rib
Separation of the superior and inferior mediastinum

Question 10

List the cranial bones that are joined together by the squamous suture.

Answer 10

Temporal
Parietal

Question 11

List the names of the bones that form the medial and lateral walls of the orbit.

Answer 11

Medial wall: ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla, sphenoid (body)

Lateral wall: zygomatic, sphenoid (greater wing)

Question 12

Name the four parts of the temporal bones of the skull.

Answer 12

Squamous part
Mastoid part
Petrous part
Tympanic part

Question 13

Name the skull bones that form the cranial vault.

Answer 13

Frontal bone
Parietal bones (2)
Occipital bone

Question 14

Name the four parts of the sphenoid bone of the skull.

Answer 14

Body of sphenoid
Greater wings
Lesser wings
Pterygoid processes

Question 15

Describe the attachments of the joint capsule of the shoulder joint.

Answer 15

The joint capsule attaches medially to the glenoid cavity and laterally to the anatomical neck
of the humerus.

Question 16

List the three bony processes of the scapula.

Answer 16

Acromion
Coracoid process
Spine of scapula

Question 17

List the names and sites of the four nerves related to the humerus.

Answer 17

Axillary nerve: around the surgical neck
Radial nerve: in the radial groove
Ulnar nerve: behind the medial epicondyle
Median nerve: anterior to the elbow joint

Question 18

List the four bony components of the elbow joints.

Answer 18

Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Olecranon

Question 19

What are the carpal bones that share in the formation of the wrist joint?

Answer 19

Scaphoid
Lunate

Question 20

Which joints are responsible for the motion of pronation and supination in the forearm?

Answer 20

Proximal radioulnar joint
Distal radioulnar joint

Question 21

List the three structures of the subtalar joint.

Answer 21

Talus
Calcaneus
Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

Question 22

Describe the attachment and the structures deep to the flexor retinacula around the ankle.

Answer 22

Attachment: Medial malleolus to calcaneus.
Structures deep: Tendons of tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis
longus.
Posterior tibial artery.
Tibial nerve.

Question 23

Describe the anatomy of the extensor retinacula around the ankle.

Answer 23

The extensor retinaculum is divided into superior and inferior parts, which cover the tendons
of tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus.

Question 24

Describe the anatomy of the peroneal (fibular) retinacula around the ankle.

Answer 24

The fibular retinaculum is located laterally, covering the tendons of fibularis longus and
brevis.

Question 25

List the names of three muscles located posterior to the knee joint.

Answer 25

Soleus
Plantaris
Gastrocnemius

Question 26

List the names of four major muscles attached to the greater and lesser trochanters of the Femur.

Answer 26

Greater trochanter: gluteus minimus, gluteus medius
Lesser trochanter: iliopsoas, pectineus

Question 27

List the boundaries of the pelvic Inlet.

Answer 27

Promontory of sacrum
Arcuate lines of Ilium
Pectineal lines of Pubis
Pubic symphysis

Question 28

List the boundaries of the pelvic outlet.

Answer 28

Pubic arch
Ischial tuberosities
Sacrotuberous ligament
Tip of coccyx