Short Answer 1-10 Flashcards
Outline “M’Naghten’s Rules”
The M’Naghten’s rules (or test) is frequently used to establish whether or not a defendant is insane. It is based on the person’s ability to think rationally, so that if a person is insane they were acting under such a defect of reason from a disease of the mind that they did not know:
- The nature and quality of their actions, or
- That what they were doing was wrong.
- List four statutory legal duties in respect of the Crimes Act 1961
The expression “legal duty” refers to those duties imposed by statute or common law including uncodified common law duties: Duties imposed by statute are mainly common law duties that have been embodied in statute. The Crimes Act 1961 defines duties to:
- Provide the necessaries and protect from injury (s151)
- Provide necessaries and protect from injury to your charges when you are a parent or guardian (s152)
- Provide necessaries as an employer (s153)
- Use reasonable knowledge and skill when performing dangerous acts, such as surgery (s155)
- Take precautions when in charge of dangerous things, such as machinery (s156)
- Avoid omissions that will endanger life (s157).
- List the difference between counselling or attempting to procure murder (s174) and conspiracy to Murder (s175)
Counselling or attempting to procure murder requires that the offence is to be committed in New Zealand, whereas with conspiracy to murder, the murder can take place in New Zealand or elsewhere. Counselling or attempting to procure murder only applies if the murder is not in fact committed, whereas conspiracy to murder applies regardless of whether murder is committed or not.
- Section 159(1) & (2) of the Crimes Act 1961 defines when a child becomes a human being and is therefore able to be murdered under section 158. Detail the provisions of section 159(1) & (2).
159(1) A child becomes a human being within the meaning of this Act when it has completely proceeded in a living state from the body of its mother, whether it has breathed or not, whether it has an independent circulation or not, and whether the navel string is severed or not. 159(2) the killing of such child is homicide if it dies in consequence of injuries received before, during, or after birth.
- Define Homicide
Section 158 of the Crimes Act 1961
Homicide is the killing of a human being by another, directly or indirectly, by any means whatsoever.
- What was held in R v Mane?
For a person to be an accessory the offence must be complete at the time of the criminal involvement. One cannot be convicted of being an accessory after the fact of murder when the actus reus of the alleged criminal conduct was wholly completed before the offence of homicide was completed.
- State the ingredients of infanticide
Section 178, Crimes Act 1961
Where a woman causes the death of any child of hers under the age of 10 years in a manner that amounts to culpable homicide, and where at the time of the offence the balance of her mind was disturbed, by reason of her not having fully recovered from the effect of giving birth to that or any other child, or by reason of the effect of lactation, or by reason of any disorder consequent upon childbirth or lactation, to such an extent that she should not be held fully responsible, she is guilty of infanticide, and not of murder or manslaughter, and is liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 years.
- What does R v Myatt state about an unlawful act in respect of section 160(2)(a) of the Crimes Act 1961?
Before a breach of any Act, regulation or bylaw would be an unlawful act under s 160 for the purposes of culpable homicide] it must be an act likely to do harm to the deceased or to some class of persons of whom he was one
- What was held in R v Tomars
Formulates the issues in the following way: 1. Was the deceased threatened by, in fear of or deceived by the accused? 2. If they were, did such threats, fear or deception cause the deceased to do the act that caused their death? 3. Was the act a natural consequence of the actions of the accused, in the sense that reasonable and responsible people in the accused’s position at the time could reasonably have foreseen the consequences? 4. Did these foreseeable actions of the victim contribute in a [significant] way to his death?
- In general, no one is criminally responsible for the killing of another by any influence of the mind. What are the exceptions to this rule?
- Wilfully frightening a child under 16 years of age
- Wilfully frightening a sick person (Mentally or physically)
Section 163, Crimes Act 1961 - Killing by Influence on the Mind
No one is criminally responsible for the killing of another by any influence on the mind alone, except by wilfully frightening a child under the age of 16 years or a sick person, nor the killing of another by any disorder or disease arising from such influence, except by wilfully frightening any such child as aforesaid or sick person.
