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FSC239: Test #4 > Shooting Scene Reconstruction > Flashcards

Shooting Scene Reconstruction Flashcards

1
Q

What is shooting incident reconstruction?

A

The examination and analysis of physical evidence from a shooting scene, in an attempt to determine what may or may not have happened during the incident.

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2
Q

What four questions should be considered before reconstructing a scene?

A
  1. What are the issues?
  2. What do the witnesses say?
  3. Did the shooter provide explanations?
  4. Competing theories?
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3
Q

Is shooting incident reconstruction an exact science?

A

No, it is a consideration of a reasonable alternative explanation of an event

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4
Q

What are the 6 parts of the scientific method?

A
  1. Identify problem
  2. Form hypothesis
  3. Data collection
  4. Interpret data
  5. Draw conclusions
  6. Peer review
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5
Q

What are the 8 objectives for a shooting incident reconstruction

A
  1. Muzzle to target distance – range from which the firearm was discharged
  2. Position and orientation of Firearm to moment of discharge
  3. Position and orientation of Victim at moment of impact
  4. Number and sequence of shots in a multiple shooting incident
  5. Number and type of firearm(s) used in a multiple discharge shooting incident 6. Presence, nature and effect of any intervening material between the firearm
    and victim or stuck object
  6. Trajectory of the projectile
  7. Any other ballistic events that have significance to a particular case
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6
Q

Who is responsible for the shooting incident reconstruction?

A
  1. A qualified forensic investigator to process scene and collect data
  2. Forensic Pathologist
  3. Centre of Forensic science- firearms section, chemistry section, and biology section
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7
Q

What does reconstruction start with?

A

Notes, photos (distance, mid-range, and close-ups), video, measurements (manual, total station, 3D scan, and supporting documents

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8
Q

T or F

The shooting reconstruction is only as good as the documentation to support it?

A

TRUUUUUEEE

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9
Q

What are the 8 things you must consider about the firearm?

A
  1. Position/orientation of where located
  2. Manufacturer, calibre and model details
  3. Position of safety
  4. Position of cylinder
  5. Position of pump arm, bolt, lever
  6. Visible damage to firearm
  7. Sequence of cartridges in cylinder
  8. Position of hammer
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10
Q

What are they looking for on the firearm?

A
  1. Trace evidence
  2. Prints
  3. DNA
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11
Q

What must be done to a firearm when found?

A
  1. Remove magazine from firearm (don’t unload magazine)

2. Remove cartridge from breech

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12
Q

What must be noted about the cartridge and cartridge cases?

A
  1. Position located
  2. Head stamp details
  3. Visible damage (An expansion of the cartridge in a certain spot can indicate that its caliber did not match that of the firearm)
  4. Trace evidence • Prints
  5. DNA
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13
Q

What must be noted about the projectiles? (Bullets and Fragments)

A
  1. Position located
  2. Damage/deformation
  3. Visible transfer evidence (blood, drywall, glass)
  4. Type of bullet/fragment (lead, copper jacket)
    ○ Indicates type of ammunition, maybe where it came from, and maybe what kind of firearm fired it
  5. Every fragment is of value • Trace Evidence
  6. DNA
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14
Q

What are the four impact sites?

A
  1. Clothing
  2. Human body/ tissue
  3. Vertical surfaces
  4. Entrance holes
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15
Q

Describe the clothing as an impact site.

A 
○ Holes/defects-size/position
○ Gun powder residue/ gun shot residue
○ Blood staining
○ Trace evidence
○ Clothing must be carefully air dried
○ Packaged properly to protect trace evidence
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16
Q

What impact site is conducted under direction of forensic pathologist and describe?

A

Human body/ tissue

  • X-rays must be taken
  • Holes/ defects must be noted
  • Gun powder/ gun shot residue must be searched/ tested for
  • Describe wound track (entrance would is usually pretty circular while the exit wound is less)
  • Note height of victim and any bruising, injuries or contusions.
17
Q

How do you measure large areas/surfaces?

A
  1. Manual (good)
  2. Total Station (better)
  3. 3D scanner (best)
18
Q

What are 6 things that are important to note on a vertical surface site?

A
  1. Holes/ defects (size/position/location)
  2. Gun powder residue/ gunshot residue
  3. Bullet wipe
  4. Trace material/ bloodspatter
  5. Directionality
  6. Rifling impressions
19
Q

Describe the 3 entrance hole shapes.

A
  1. Bullets penetrating targets about 90 degrees producing circular holes
  2. Bullets penetrating on an angle (90 degrees or less) are more oval
  3. Lead-in mark-dark, elliptical mark made by the projectile as it enters a surface at an angle less than 90 degrees
    - might be able to determine directionality
20
Q

What are features indicative of a projectile impact site?

A
  1. Bullet wipe - discoloation of the immediate periphery of a bullet hole
  2. Can occur at any distance
  3. May not be noticeable if bullet has passed through other
    things
21
Q

What happens when bullet hits drywall? Glass/Bone?

A

Drywall: Defined sharp edge around hole

Glass/Bone: Defined sharp edge around hole; exit site will have a defined beveling

22
Q

Describe exit holes of drywall.

A
  1. Jagged edge around hole and not as defined
  2. Particles and fibres pushed outwards from hole
  3. Typically larger than entrance
23
Q

Describe exit holes of glass and bone.

A
  1. Rough, bevelled exterior edge
  2. Fragments pushed outwards from hole
  3. Typically larger than enterance
24
Q

What does distance determination involve?

A

The examination of the scene/lab as well at partical testing in order
to determine the Muzzle to Target distance of the shot

25
Q

What terms is distance categorized into?

A
  1. Contact
  2. Near contact
  3. Intermediate
  4. Distant or undetermined
26
Q

Describe contact.

A
  1. Stellate tearing of skin o rclothing
  2. Soot concentrated around the dges
  3. Charring
  4. Maybe bullet wipe
  5. Powder within wound tract or garment
27
Q

Describe near contact (2.5-15cm).

A
  1. Concentrated pattern of soot and powder particles around the entrance
  2. Powder tattooing and stippling is present
28
Q

Describe intermediate I contact (15-30cm).

A
  1. No visible or light sooting
  2. Pattern of powder particles present around the bullet entrance
  3. Bullet wipe/ abrasion ring
  4. Powder tattoing and stippling possible
29
Q

Describe intermediate II contact (23-92cm).

A
  1. No visible scooting
  2. Maybe or may not have tattooing or stippling
  3. Bullet wipe
30
Q

What distance is considered “distant”?

A

92+cm

31
Q

Describe distance determination in shotguns.

A
  1. Multiple projectiles may be discharged- pellets and wads
  2. Overall pattern dimension must be recorder and photographed
  3. The dispersal of the pellets can indicate distance
32
Q

What does a greater distance mean for the speed of the bullet?

A

It will have less speed because there is a greater influence of gravity

33
Q

What can trajectory analysis assist in?

A

Shooting position of victims and sequence of shots

34
Q

What can have a impact on long range shootings (100+cm)?

A

Gravitational forces and air resistance

35
Q

What can help find trajectory?

A
  1. Lasers
  2. Strings, only works with close proximity shots
  3. Trajectory rods, must be careful how they’re placed

FSC239: Test #4 (10 decks)

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