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Physics (Second Semester) > Shock Waves > Flashcards

Shock Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Mach number ?

A

It is the ratio of the speed of object to the speed of sound in the same medium

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2
Q

What is an acoustic wave ?

A

It is simply a sound wave

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3
Q

What is the velocity of a sound wave at STP in air ?

A

Around 333 m/s

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4
Q

What are the frequencies acoustic waves lie in ?

A

20 to 20,000 Hz

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5
Q

What are ultrasonic waves ?

A

Pressure waves that have frequencies greater than 20,000 Hz

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6
Q

What is the speed of an ultrasonic wave ?

A

Same speed as sound

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7
Q

What is a subsonic wave ?

A

A mechanical waves moving in a fluid with velocity less than that of sound

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8
Q

What is the Mach number so subsonic waves ?

A

Less than 1

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9
Q

What are some examples of subsonic motion ?

A

Vehicles such as motor cars and trains, birds

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10
Q

Where does the sound emitted by a body moving with subsonic motion go ?

A

It goes ahead of the body and moves away

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11
Q

What is a supersonic wave ?

A

It is a mechanical wave which travels with a speed greater than that of sound

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12
Q

Where does the sound emitted by a body travelling with supersonic speed go ?

A

The body moves ahead by piercing it’s own sound curtain

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13
Q

What kind of wave is formed by supersonic motion ?

A

A series of expanding sound waves, with their centers continuously displaced along trajectory

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14
Q

What is the amplitude of a supersonic wave ?

A

It is high, and affects the medium

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15
Q

What is Mach cone, formed at supersonic speed ?

A

A number of tangents drawn to the expanding sound waves for a Mach cone

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16
Q

What are hypersonic waves ?

A

Mach number greater than 5 Special case of supersonic waves

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17
Q

What are transonic waves ?

A

Mach number in between 0.8 and 1.2 Domain in which change of phase from subsonic to supersonic occurs

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18
Q

What is a shock wave ?

A

It is a surface that manifests as a sudden discontinuity in a fluid medium, in which it is propagating with supersonic speed

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19
Q

What does a shock wave cause ?

A

Sudden increase in pressure, temperature and density of gas through which it propagates

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20
Q

What is a closed system ?

A

A system that does not exchange matter with outside and not acted upon by external forces

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21
Q

What is the law of conservation of matter ?

A

The total mass of any isolated system remains unchanged, regardless of any physical or chemical change within it

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22
Q

What is the law of conservation of momentum ?

A

In a closed system, total momentum remains constant

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23
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy ?

A

The total energy of a closed system remains constant and is independent of any changes within the system

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24
Q

What is extra-corporal lithitripsy ?

A

It is a shock wave therapy for treating kidney stones

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25
Q

What happens in it ?

A

The kidney stones are shattered into fragments

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26
Q

What happens to the shattered kidney stones ?

A

Smoothly passed out through urinary tracts

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27
Q

How can shock waves assist in drug delivery ?

A

It can replace needles

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28
Q

How are drugs delivered using shock waves ?

A

The drug is kept in a cartridge and pressed to the skin

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29
Q

How does the shock wave enter ?

A

Directly through the porosity of the skin

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30
Q

What is the normal penetration ?

A

About 100 microns

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31
Q

Is it painless ?

A

Yes

32
Q

How is wood softened in pencil industries ?

A

By soaking in a polymer

33
Q

At what temperature ?

A

70 C

34
Q

For how long ?

A

About three hours

35
Q

How long does it take for the wood to dry ?

A

Days

36
Q

How do shock waves assist the pencil industry ?

A

Shock waves are sent through the liquid itself

37
Q

What happens to the wood ?

A

The liquid immediately enters the wood

38
Q

What happens to the drying time ?

A

Reduces drastically

39
Q

Can a shock wave be used to push DNA into a cell ?

A

Yes

40
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of this ?

A

The functionality of DNA is unaffected by impact of the shock wave

41
Q

How do shock waves assist in study of gas dynamics ?

A

Extreme conditions of pressure and temperature that are produced in shock tube, allows us to study high temperature gas dynamics

42
Q

How does water enter borewells ?

A

Water from feeder sources accumulates in borewell through a number of porous seepage points

43
Q

How do shock waves assist in treatment of dry borewells ?

A

Clears blockages of seepage routes by sand particles

44
Q

What principle does the Reddy Tube operate on ?

A

FPST

46
Q

What is the full form of FPST

A

Free Piston driven shock tube

48
Q

How is Reddy tube operated ?

A

By hand

50
Q

What is the Mach number of waves produced by Reddy shock tube ?

A

Above 1.5

52
Q

How is the rupture pressure determined ?

A

It is a function of the thickness of diaphragm

54
Q

What is the shape of Reddy tube ?

A

Cylindrical

56
Q

What is it made up of ?

A

Stainless Steel

58
Q

What is the diameter ?

A

30 mm

60
Q

What is its length ?

A

1 m

62
Q

What are the names of those sections separated by a diaphragm ?

A

Driver tube and Driven tube

64
Q

What is the thickness of the diaphragm ?

A

0.1 mm

66
Q

What is it made up of ?

A

Aluminium, Mylar or Paper

68
Q

Where is the piston fitted ?

A

Far end of the driver section

70
Q

What is there at the end of the driven section or downstream end ?

A

It is closed

72
Q

Where is the digital pressure gauge mounted ?

A

Next to the diaphragm in the driver section

74
Q

How is the driver gas compressed ?

A

By the action of the piston

75
Q

What happens following the rupturing of the diaphragm ?

A

The driver gas rushes and pushes driven gas to downstream end, generating a moving shock wave

76
Q

What happens to the primary shock wave ?

A

It is reflected at the downstream end

77
Q

What happens to the test gas after reflection ?

A

It goes through further compression, boosting T&P

78
Q

How is the compression reduced with time ?

A

The expansion wave reflected from the upstream end arrives and neutralises it

79
Q

When is the expansion wave created ?

A

The moment the diaphragm ruptures

80
Q

In which direction does the expansion wave move ?

A

Opposite to the shock wave

81
Q

How long is the high T&P sustained at the downstream end ?

A

The order of milliseconds

82
Q

What detects the rise in pressure of both the primary shock wave and the reflected wave ?

A

The sensors

83
Q

What are the sensors, exactly ?

A

Piezoelectric transducers

84
Q

Why is a oscilloscope of bandwidth of 1 MHz required ?

A

The rist time of the oscilloscope shoud be few microseconds, since the duration of the shcok wave is 1 millisecond

85
Q

Where is the data collected by the sensors recorded ?

A

Digital CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope)

86
Q

What are the general gases used ?

A

Helium - Driver gas

Argon - Driven gas

87
Q

What kind of temperature can this combination generate ?

A

Temperatures above 900K

88
Q

What are Rankine - Hughoniot equations ?

A

The equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy as applied to shock waves

89
Q
A
90
Q
A

Physics (Second Semester) (6 decks)

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