SHOCK different types And Their Management Flashcards
Definition of shock
Shock is a clinical state of cellular dysfunction as a result of decreased circulating blood volume leading to reduction in delivery of oxygen and other nutrients to vital organs which if prolonged leads to irreversible multiple organ failure.
Shock can be defined as a condition in which systemic blood pressure (SBP) is inadequate to deliver oxygen and nutrients to supply vital organs and cellular functions.
Shock is a life threatening condition.
It is characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion that if untreated results in cell death.
It is a failure of circulation to supply adequate oxygen to the tissues.
Shock is a critical condition brought on by the sudden drop in blood flow through the body.
Shock may result from trauma, heatstroke, blood loss, an allergic reaction, severe infection, poisoning, severe burns or other causes.
When a person is in shock, his or her organs aren’t getting enough blood or oxygen.
Perfusion is the passage of fluid through the circulatory system or lymphatic system to an organ or a tissue, usually referring to the delivery of blood to a capillary bed in tissue. Perfusion is measured as the rate at which blood is delivered to tissue, or volume of blood per unit time per unit tissue mass.
Systemic blooded pressure: In general, an individual’s “blood pressure,” or systemic arterial pressure, refers to the pressure measured within large arteries in the systemic circulation. This number splits into systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure.
Risk Factors of Shock
- Sudden malfunction of the heart: circulation may fail from it.
This may occur as a result of—
• Coronary artery occlusion with acute MI
• Trauma with structural damage to the heart ♥️
• Toxemia— viral or bacterial 🦠
• Effects of drugs💊. - Deficient oxygenation of blood 🩸 in the lungs 🫁 ; this occurs due to:
• Post operative: Atelectasis
• Thoracic injuries: particularly of the chest; i.e pneumothorax, crushing and laceration of the lungs 🫁
• Obstruction of pulmonary arteries by an embolus
• Disturbance of lung🫁 function following surgery and anesthesia. - Reduction in blood volume ; this may be due to:
• Hemorrhage 🩸
• Burns 🥵
• Water 💦 and electrolyte imbalance - Miscellaneous causes ; can lead to low blood 🩸 pressure : this can be due to
• Faintness
• Acute anaphylaxis
• Acute adrenal deficiency ( Addison disease 🦠).
• Over dosage of drugs e.g analgesics like pethidine
• Following therapy with beta blocking agents.
Pathophysiology
Causes / Classifications of shock
Causes
— Hypovolemia eg. haemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea, acute intestinal obstruction
— Cardiogenic e.g. myocardial infarction, Massive pulmonary embolus
— Obstructive e.g. Pericardial tamponade, tension pneumothorax
— Septic shock. Severe sepsis
- Hypovolemic shock
- Cardiogenic shock
- Circulatory shock
- Septic shock
- Obstructive shock
- Neurogenic shock
- Anaphylactic shock.
Hypovolemic Shock
Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition in which severe blood or other fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body. This type of shock can cause many organs to stop working.
There is loss in the intravascular fluid up to 15% to 25%.
Cardiogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock, also known as cardiac shock, happens when your heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to the brain and other vital organs. This is a life-threatening emergency. It is treatable if diagnosed right away, so it’s important to know the warning signs.
Septic Shock
A widespread infection causing organ failure and dangerously low blood pressure.
Septic shock is a life-threatening condition caused by a severe localised or system-wide infection that requires immediate medical attention.
Gram negative bacteria 🦠 usually cause septic shock.—
Distributive shock
Distributive shock or vasodilatory shock is a medical emergency where your body can’t get enough blood to your heart, brain and kidneys. This happens because your blood vessels are extremely dilated (flaccid or relaxed), which brings down your blood pressure and cuts down on how much blood can get to your organs.
Obstructive shock
Obstructive shock is one of the four types of shock, caused by a physical obstruction in the flow of blood. Obstruction can occur at the level of the great vessels or the heart itself. Causes include pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade, and tension pneumothorax, proximal aortic dissection. These are all life-threatening.
Anaphylactic Shock
Anaphylaxis causes the immune system to release a flood of chemicals that can cause you to go into shock — blood pressure drops suddenly and the airways narrow, blocking breathing. Signs and symptoms include a rapid, weak pulse; a skin rash; and nausea and vomiting.
Neurogenic shock
Neurogenic shock is a condition in which you have trouble keeping your heart rate, blood pressure and temperature stable because of damage to your nervous system after a spinal cord injury. Like other types of shock, this is a serious condition that can be fatal because your blood flow is too low.
