Shock

Question 1

What is shock?

Answer 1

the hypoperfusion of tissues

Question 2

What is hypoperfusion?

Answer 2

when the vital organs don’t get enough blood

Question 3

What 3 ways does shock/hypoperfusion occur?

Answer 3

1) failure of heart to pump blood
2) loss of circulating fluid
3) loss of peripheral vascular tone

Question 4

What are the 3 main types of shock?

Answer 4

1) Cardiogenic
2) Hypovolemic
3) Distributed shock (used to be hypotonic)

Question 5

What is cardiogenic shock?

Answer 5

when your heart can’t pump enough blood for your body

Question 6

What commonly causes cardiogenic shock?

Answer 6

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Question 7

What can also cause cardiogenic shock?

Answer 7

myocarditis
valvular disease
conduction block
arrhythmia

Question 8

What is hypovolemic shock?

Answer 8

severe fluid/blood loss, making it impossible for your heart to pump a sufficient amount to the body

Question 9

What causes hypovolemic shock?

Answer 9

massive hemorrhage
fluid loss from extensive burns
excessive vomiting
excessive diarrhea

Question 10

What is distributed shock (used to be hypotonic)

Answer 10

when the blood vessels excessively vasodilate, therefore causing an impaired distribution of blood flow

Question 11

What causes distributed shock?

Answer 11

anaphylactic shock
neurogenic stimuli (commonly attributed to disruption of ANS from TBI)
bacterial infection

Question 12

What can the events of shock lead to?

Answer 12

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrom (ARDS)

Question 13

In ARDS, blood stagnates in pulmonary circulation leading to pulmonary ____

Answer 13

edema

Question 14

ARDS is also sometimes called:

Answer 14

shock lung

Question 15

What are the 3 stages of shock?

Answer 15

1) early or compensated shock
2) decompensated shock
3) irreversible shock

Question 16

In early shock, do you have an increase or decrease in heart rate?

Answer 16

increase (tachycardia)

Question 17

In early shock, do your peripheral arteries vasoconstrict or casodilate?

Answer 17

vasoconstrict, because blood is being shunted to the core

Question 18

In early shock, is your urine production increased or reduced?

Answer 18

reduced, because body is trying to preserve volume of circulating blood

Question 19

In early shock, is your blood pressure high, low, or normal?

Answer 19

normal

Question 20

In decompensated shock, is your blood pressure high, low, or normal?

Answer 20

low (hypotension)

Question 21

In decompensated shock, is your respiratory rate increased or decreased?

Answer 21

increased

Question 22

In decompensated shock, is your urine output increased or reduced?

Answer 22

seriously decreased- known as oliguria

Question 23

In decompensated shock, what happens to the body’s pH level?

Answer 23

it drops below 7.35, leading to acidosis

Question 24

In what stage of shock does hypoperfusion occur?

Answer 24

irreversible shock

Question 25

What is an infection?

Answer 25

a disease caused by microorganisms, especially ones that release toxins or invade body tissues

Question 26

What are colonies?

Answer 26

a mass of microorganisms from the same mother

Question 27

What is normal flora?

Answer 27

a mixture of microorganisms at any anatomical site

Question 28

Can colonies be transmitted to others?

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

Can colonies cause infection?

Answer 29

yes- if the immune system is weak

Question 30

What are the benefits of flora for the host?

Answer 30

provide nutritional benefits stimulate immune system protect against colonization/infection of pathogenic microbes

Question 31

What are systemic symptoms of infection?

Answer 31

fever, chills, malaise, enlarged lymph modes

Question 32

What are integumentary symptoms of infection?

Answer 32

pus, open would, rash, red streaks, bleeding

Question 33

What are cardiovascular symptoms of infection?

Answer 33

tachycardia, hypotension, change in pulse

Question 34

What are CNS symptoms of infection

Answer 34

altered level of consciousness, confusion, seizures, headache, memory loss, photophobia, stiff neck

Question 35

What are gastrointestinal symptoms of infection?

Answer 35

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Question 36

What are genitourinary symptoms of infection?

Answer 36

dysuria (pain in urination), flank pain, hematuria, oliguria, urgency, frequency, nocturia

Question 37

What are upper respiratory symptoms of infection?

Answer 37

tachypnea, cough, dyspnea, hourseness, sore throat, nasal drainage, spetum production, decreased exercise tolerance

Question 38

What is a virus?

Answer 38

smallest known organism - protein shell with dna

Question 39

What is bacteria?

Answer 39

single celled, no nucleus or organelles with defined cell walls

Question 40

What are microplasmas?

Answer 40

self-replicating bacteria WITHOUT cell walls

Question 41

What are rickettsiae?

Answer 41

intracellular bacteria that require a host

Question 42

What are protozoa?

Answer 42

singled celled organisms - bigger (think: parasite)

Question 43

What are fungi?

Answer 43

an organism with a nucleus and cell wall that occur as yeasts or most

Question 44

What are prions?

Answer 44

little proteins that have misfolded and are capable of taking other proteins and misfolding them

Question 45

Which require a host to live- viruses or bacteria?

Answer 45

viruses

Question 46

What kind of diseases can microplasmas cause?

Answer 46

pneumonia

Question 47

Where are rickettsiae found?

Answer 47

on animals and insects, such as ticks, lice, fleas and mites

Question 48

What are two diseases caused by rickettsiae?

Answer 48

typhus and rocky mountain spotted fever

Question 49

What is fungus found in the blood?

Answer 49

fungemia

Question 50

What are fungal diseases called?

Answer 50

mycoses

Question 51

What are diseases caused by prions?

Answer 51

creutzfeldt-jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow)

Question 52

Is yeast endogenous or exogenous?

Answer 52

endogenous

Question 53

Is influenza virus endogenous or exogenous?

Answer 53

exogenous

Question 54

What is nosocomial?

Answer 54

acquired in health care setting

Question 55

How do microorganisms leave the body?

Answer 55

``` feces urine vomit tears semen open lesions blood ```

Question 56

What is another name for the ways microorganisms leave the body?

Answer 56

portals of exit

Question 57

How are microorganisms transmitted?

Answer 57

``` contact airborne droplet vehicle vector ```

Question 58

How do you acquire a pathogen?

Answer 58

``` ingestion inhalation bites contact with mucosa transplacentally injections ```

Question 59

How many lines of defense does the body have?

Answer 59

three

Question 60

What is the first line of defense?

Answer 60

mechanical barriers

Question 61

What are the mechanical barriers

Answer 61

skin, oil on skin, cilia in respiratory tracts, gagging, coughing, peristalis of GI tract, flushign of tears, saliva and mucus, normal flora

Question 62

What is the second line of defense?

Answer 62

inflammation

Question 63

What is the third line of defense?

Answer 63

acquired immune system