Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Life Sciences 2 > Shock > Flashcards

Shock Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of blood pressure?

A

The pressure exerted on vessel walls by the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is blood pressure generated?

A

By the ventricles ejecting blood into the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What vessels are used to measure B.P.

A

Large systemic arteries such as the brachial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the main characteristic of B.P.?

A

It is pulsatile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What 3 main factors affect B.P?

A
  1. Blood Volume
  2. Vascular Resistance
  3. Venous Return
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Blood volume of an adult?

A

Approximately 5litres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Baroreceptors?

A

Pressure/Stretch Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are the main baroreceptor bodies?

A
  1. Aortic Arch

2. Carotid Arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where is the B.P. Control centre?

A

Brainstem (medulla oblongata)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two main ‘effectors’ for a change in B.P.

A
  1. Heart

2. Vasculature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 other B.P. Inputs?

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Limbic System
  • Hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What nerve is innervated to control heart rate and what nervous system is used?

A

Vagus nerve via parasympathetic inputs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What nerves increase heart rate and contractility? What Nervous system is used?

A

Cardiac accelerator nerves via the sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What nerves constrict blood vessels and what nervous system is used?

A

Vasomotor nerves via the sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 4 main inputs to the CV control centre?

A
  1. Higher brain centres
  2. Propriceptors
  3. Baroreceptors
  4. Chemoreceptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do chemoreceptors monitor?

A

Gas levels in blood and CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What 3 main things do chemoreceptors monitor for?

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Carbon Dioxide
  3. pH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do changes in blood composition trigger?

A

Homeostatic responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What would an increase in CO2 and a decrease in O2 and pH result in?

A

Increased RR –> Increased minute ventilation to ‘blow off’ excess CO2 to reduce blood pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 5 main hormonal influences on B.P?

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system
  2. ADH
  3. ANP
  4. RAA system
  5. Erythropoietin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What effect does SNS innervation have on homeostatic mechanisms

A
  1. Increases CO

2. Peripheral vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does ADH attempt to conserve blood pressure?

A

Leads to vasocontriction –> less fluid output

23
Q

How does ANP attempt to influence BP?

A

Vasodilation –> salt and water loss in urine

24
Q

How does the RAA system attempt to conserve BP?

A

Aldosterone promotes water and sodium reabsorption in the kidneys which leads to an increase in vascular volume
Vasoconstriction

25
Q

What does Erythropoietin do to conserve BP long term?

A
  • increases RBC production

- increases blood viscocity

26
Q

What reflex is used short term to correct BP?

A

Barorecpetor reflex

27
Q

What manages BP long term?

A

Endocrine response

28
Q

In blood vessels what exerts pressure inwards?

A

Plasma proteins

29
Q

What process occurs at the arterial end of blood vessels?

A

Filtration

30
Q

What process occurs at the venous end of blood vessels?

A

Reabsorption

31
Q

In the first stages of Haemorrhage what does the body do to compensate?

A

Increases reabsorption to increase plasma volume

32
Q

What maladaptive response develops when tissues become hypoxic? What is the effect of this?

A

Capiliary permeability increases. This leads to loss of plasma volume which leads to decrease BP as colloid osmotic pressure decreases

33
Q

What is the definition of CV shock?

A

The failure of the CV system to meet the needs of tissues metabolic needs

34
Q

What can tissue hypoxia lead to the damage of?

A

Cells, Tissues, Organs and Organ systems

35
Q

What is the severity of shock dependent on?

A

The extent and duration of shock

36
Q

What are are the 4 types of shock?

A
  1. Cardiogenic
  2. Distributive
  3. Hypovolaemic
  4. Obstructive
37
Q

Name 3 causes of Distributive shock?

A
  1. Neurogenic (such as spinal injury)
  2. Septic shock
  3. Anaphylaxis
38
Q

How does spinal injury cause shock?

A

It leads to a lack of vascular tone and reduced sympathetic innervation which causes a drop in BP and a loss of CO

39
Q

What ‘type’ of allergic reaction leads to anaphylaxis?

A

Type I

40
Q

Which immune cells degranulate releasing chemical mediators to cause the symptoms?

A

Mast cells

41
Q

What in the body causes septic shock?

A

Bacteria releasing toxins that cause a widespread systemic inflammatory response.

42
Q

Name some of the symptoms potentially seen in septic shock. (6)

A
  1. Reduced BP
  2. Loss of GCS
  3. Increased HR
  4. Urinary Retention
  5. Acidosis
  6. Peripheral vasoconstriction (Central Vasodilation?)
43
Q

What does endothelial damage in septic shock lead to? (3)

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Complement activation
  3. Procoagulation (in small vessels)
44
Q

What are some of the symptoms seen due to the release of chemical mediators in anaphylaxis? (7)

A
  1. Rhinitis
  2. Bronchospasm
  3. Urticaria
  4. Hypotension
  5. Tachycardia
  6. GI symptoms
  7. Coagulopathy
45
Q

Name a cause of cardiogenic shock and the result

A

aMI - reduced myocardial perfusion

46
Q

Name a cause of obstructive shock and the result

A

Pericarditis/Tamponade - Affects pumping and filling of heart (output)

47
Q

Name a cause of hypovolaemic shock and the result

A

Haemorrhage/Burns - Loss of vascular volume

48
Q

Name a cause of distributive shock and the result

A

Anaphylaxis/Septic shock - Excessive vasodilation and possible arryhthmia (action of inflammatory mediators)

49
Q

Where is renin produced?

A

Kidneys

50
Q

Where is angiotensinogen converted to angiotensin I?

A

bloodstream

51
Q

Where is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II?

A

lungs

52
Q

What catalyses the conversion of angiotensin I>II?

A

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

53
Q

What does angiotensin II stimulate to produce aldosterone?

A

The adrenal cortex

54
Q

What does aldosterone do in the kidneys?

A

Increase H20 and Na+ reabsorption

Clinical Life Sciences 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions