Shock Flashcards

1
Q

Inadequate organ perfusion and delivery of nutrients necessary for normal tissue and cell function. May be irreversible at first but becomes life-threatening if not treated quickly

A

Shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Causes of hypovolemic shock

A

Hemorrhage [hemorrhagic = most common cause]
Dehydration
Burns

[ex: GI bleeding, pelvic bleeding, hemorrhagic pancreatitis, AVM; non-hemmorrhagic causes are vomiting, diarrhea, burns, heat stroke; DKA leads to renal losses, hypoaldosteronism, adrenal insufficiency, third space loss, systemic inflammation]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Physiologic parameters used to define preload and afterload while discussing shock

A

Preload = PCWP

Afterload = SVR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 types of shock

A

Hypovolemic
Cardiogenic
Obstructive
Distributive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Types of shock characterized by cold and clammy skin vs. warm and dry skin

A

Cold, clammy skin = hypovolemic, cardiogenic, or obstructive shock

Warm, dry skin = distributive shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe changes in PCWP (preload), CO, and SVR (afterload) in pt with hypovolemic shock

A

PCWP markedly decreased

CO decreased

SVR increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

General tx for hypovolemic shock

A

IV fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

General causes of cardiogenic shock

A

Acute MI
HF
Valvular dysfunction
Arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe changes in PCWP (preload), CO, and SVR (afterload) in pt with cardiogenic shock

A

PCWP increased

CO markedly decreased

SVR increased

[same as obstructive shock]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

General tx for cardiogenic shock

A

Inotropes

Diuresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

General causes of obstructive shock

A

Cardiac tamponade

Pulmonary embolism

[other examples include SVC syndrome, constrictive pericarditis, severe HTN]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe changes in PCWP (preload), CO, and SVR (afterload) in pt with obstructive shock

A

PCWP increased

CO markedly decreased

SVR increased

[same as cardiogenic shock]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

General tx for obstructive shock

A

Relieve obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

General causes of distributive shock

A

Sepsis
Anaphylaxis
CNS injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe changes in PCWP (preload), CO, and SVR (afterload) in pt with distributive shock

A

PCWP decreased

CO increased [unless CNS injury, then may be decreased]

SVR markedly decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tx for distributive shock

A

IV fluids first, then at pressors as needed (epinephrine first choice)

17
Q

______ levels are a reflection of tissue hypoxia

A

Lactate

[higher lactate = higher mortality]

18
Q

Most common cause of noncardiogenic shock

A

Distributive shock

19
Q

Describe changes in PCWP (preload), CO, and SVR (afterload) in pt with anaphylactic shock

A

PCWP normal at first, decreases later

CO may be decreased or increased

SVR decreased

20
Q

Classifications of cardiogenic shock

A

Cardiomyopathic — MI, severe RVMI, stunned myocardium, severe septic shock (depressed EF), myocarditis, cardiomyopathy

Arrhythmogenic — afib, re-entrant tachycardia, vtach, vfib

Mechanical — severe AI or MR; acute valvular rupture, critical AS, VSD, ruptured ventricle wall aneurysm, atrial myxoma

21
Q

Clinical signs of cardiogenic shock

A
Decreased BP
Decreased UO
Mental status changes
Cool, mottled extremities
Distended neck veins
Pulmonary edema
22
Q

Most common cause of cardiogenic shock

A

LV failure d/t AMI

23
Q

Average time to develop cardiogenic shock after a STEMI

A

7-10 hours

24
Q

Cardiogenic shock due to LAD often associated with ____ wall STEMI

Cardiogenic shock associated with inferior wall STEMI often associated with _____ complications

A

Anterior; mechanical

25
Q

Mechanical support treatment that can be given in severe cardiogenic shock

A

IABD — decreased afterload deflates during systole; inflates during diastole — coronary perfusion use for mechanical complication (M, VSD)

LVAD — bridge for transplant; tandem heart/impella

ECMO — when O2 is severely impaired

26
Q

First choice pressor agent in cardiogenic shock d/t STEMI

A

Norepi — alpha1, B1, B2 agonist (pressor and inotropic)

[second option is dopamine - B1 agonist, or phenylephrine - peripheral alpha agonist]

27
Q

Inotropes used to tx cardiogenic shock

A

Dobutamine - B1 agonist; peripehral alpha1 and B2 agonist; can vasodilate; used with NE

Milrinone — PDE inhibitor; prevents degradation of cAMP to increase HR, increase SV, increase CO

28
Q

Classifications of obstructive shock

A

Pulmonary vascular = hemodynamically significant, PE, severe pulmonary HTN, severe or acute obstruction of pulmonary or tricuspid valve

Mechanical = tension pneumothorax (trauma, ventilator induced, iatrogenic), pericardial tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathy

29
Q

Presentation of tension pneumothorax

A

SOB, unilateral pleuritic CP and decreased breath sounds, neck vein distention

Tracheal deviation AWAY from affected side

30
Q

Virchow triad of hemodynamically significant PE

A

Endothelial injury
Stress
Hypercoagulability

31
Q

Most common EKG finding in PE

A

Tachycardia

32
Q

Imaging strategy for visualization of thrombi in pulmonary arteries; preferred over ventilation/perfusion lung (V/Q)

A

CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)