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keep on getting wrong/ things i've learned > shit you don't know > Flashcards

shit you don't know Flashcards

1
Q

Ka*Kb=

A

10^-14

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2
Q

what is water capable of doing

A

autoionization therefore in equilibrium ka= kw (10^-14)

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3
Q

pH is the logarithm of the hydronium ions

A

pH= -log(H3O+)

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4
Q

red litmus paper turns what color when it is in contact with base

A

blue

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5
Q

buffers can be

A

a weak acid with its conjugate base

a weak base with its conjugate acid

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6
Q

weak acids

A

HF, CH3COOH (acetic acid), HCN, HNO2, H2CO3, H2SO3, H3PO4, (COOH)2

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7
Q

weak base

A

ammonium NH3, hypochlorite ion, carbonate ion, hydrosulfide ion, methylamine, hydroxylamine, pyridine

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8
Q

how do buffers work

A

when a strong acid is added the base neutralizes the H3O+ ions
when a strong base is added the acid neutralizes the OH- ions

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9
Q

what is needed for a buffer to be the most effective

A

the number of moles of the weak acid and its conjugate base must be large and vice versa compared to the strong acid or base that is being added

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10
Q

buffer that maintains the blood pH

A

H2CO3+H2O–> HCO3-+H30+

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11
Q

pH of the blood is maintained around

A

7.4

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12
Q

what happens if the pH goes any lower than 6.8 or above 7.8

A

our cells will begin to denature

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13
Q

Ka is the

A

acid ionization constant or acid dissociation constant

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14
Q

Ka»>1 is a

A

strong acid because you will more readily ionize therefore there will be more products versus the reactants

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15
Q

stronger acid makes for a

A

weaker conjugate base

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16
Q

ka«<1 is a

A

weak acid

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17
Q

water is amphoteric therefore it can

A

act as an acid or a base

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18
Q

Kw is the

A

autoionization constant

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19
Q

autoionization of water equation

A

[H3O+][OH-]. you ignore the starting water because it is pure water

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20
Q

concentration of hydronium and hydroxide in water at standard temp

A

1*10^-7

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21
Q

you have such low concentration of ions in autoionization because

A

it is equal to 1*10^-14 making the ka very very small

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22
Q

ph=

A

-log(H3O+)

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23
Q

scientific notation if you have positive integer

A

move to the right

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24
Q

Scientific notation if you have negative integer

A

move to the left

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25
Q

HF is what kind of acid

A

a weak acid because it binds strongly to the Flourine atom therefore it is less likely to give up its hydrogen

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26
Q

HI is the strongest

A

acid in the halogen group then follows HBr then HCl

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27
Q

strong acids

A

HClO4, HX(Br, I, Cl), H2SO4, HNO3

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28
Q

strong bases

A

NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2

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29
Q

when you lose a leaving group you want it to

A

be stabilized by electron donating groups

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30
Q

lower the pka the

A

stronger acid

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31
Q

ammonia is a

A

weak base

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32
Q

ammonium ion

A

NH4+ is an acid

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33
Q

pka+ pkb=

A

14

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34
Q

salts from a strong acid and a strong base forms what kind of solution

A

a neutral solution

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35
Q

salt with a weak acid and strong base will form

A

basic solutions that are greater than 7

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36
Q

salt with strong acid and weak base

A

will give you an acidic solution

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37
Q

common ion effect if you add an acetate ion then

A

this will increase the amount of acetate ion and therefore will increase in the opposite direction and increase the pH because less H3O is being formed

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38
Q

what equation do you use for buffer calculations

A

henderson- hasselbach

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39
Q

log 1=

A

0

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40
Q

the three component weberian theory

A

with class, power, and status all being important wealth power prestige influence the way in which people treat one another

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41
Q

substance use is a diagnostic criterion of

A

Bipolar disorder

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42
Q

personality disorders are seen as

A

relatively stable over an individuals life

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43
Q

number of births per 1000 is

A

birth rate

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44
Q

fertility rate is

A

number of children per woman

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45
Q

social capital

A

is the value embedded in social networks which includes connections, job leads, the availability to aid in a crisis and so forth

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46
Q

Cultural capital

A

encompasses non-financial factors that lead to social mobility, such as knowledge of styles and manners of speech, appearance, and charisma. It does not include the value of social networks, though having strong social networks can help in acquiring it

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47
Q

false consensus

A

means that people tend to overestimate how common their behavior is and assume that others do the same thing that they do

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48
Q

self-serving bias

A

is a tendency to make attributions that protect our self-esteem

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49
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

is the tendency for people to attribute the behavior of others to internal, stable, underlying personality traits

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50
Q

actor-observer bias

A

is the tendency to attribute our own behaviors externally while attributing others’ behaviors internally

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51
Q

anomie

A

describes the breakdown in social bonds in modern society which is the result of the social norms and reciprocity

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52
Q

external validity

A

involve application of the study to outside situations

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53
Q

transtheoretical change model

A

describes the different stages a person goes through when making decisions. pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance

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54
Q

client centered therapy

A

emphasizes collaboration between practioner and client and the client relationship

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55
Q

dialectical-behavioral therapy

A

emphasizes regulation of affect and interpersonal effectiveness

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56
Q

how long does short term memory last

A

15-30 seconds unless it is actively rehearsed

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57
Q

Bipolar I

A

has severe manic states while bipolar II does not

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58
Q

normative conformity

A

describes a situation in which a person does something to fit in or be liked

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59
Q

identification

A

is when a person changes the way they act to fill a social role

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60
Q

compliance

A

when a person publicly agrees but privately does not

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61
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

refers to when a person loses the ability to create memories after the event that caused the amnesia

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62
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

is the inability to recall past memories. happened before an event

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63
Q

pareidola

A

The psychological phenomenon that causes some people to see or hear a vague or random image or sound as something significant

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64
Q

abasia

A

is the inability to walk possibly due to some psychological shock or trauma

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65
Q

parapraxis

A

is a slip of the tongue that might reveal something that is actually desired

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66
Q

mediating factor

A

explains between one factor and another

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67
Q

meta-cognition

A

involves being able to think about thinking and enables an individual to observe his own processes to learn from them

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68
Q

primary prevention

A

refers to prevention of a disease or problem area before any signs, symptoms, or risk behaviors have developed

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69
Q

secondary prevention

A

when there is already a present illness or problem that needs to be prevented

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70
Q

tertiary prevention

A

is prevention of a disease from getting any worse

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71
Q

social facilitation

A

the tendency to perform better when there is a group watching you(if you are good at the task)

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72
Q

false consciousness

A

refers to internalizing oppressive narratives regarding unjust social structures

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73
Q

strain theory

A

posists that when people are prevented from achieving through culturally approved through institutional means they experience strain that can lead to deviance. retreativist retreat when their behavior is unacceptable (alcoholism or drug addiction)

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74
Q

informal social control

A

relies on social values exercised implicitly by a society through particular customs, norms and mores

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75
Q

formal social control

A

include laws, rules, ethics, or conduct

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76
Q

informal norms

A

are not in the law but followed by certain groups of people while formal norms are codified in the law

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77
Q

moderating variable

A

explains the strength between two variables

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78
Q

mediating variable

A

explains why there is a relationship between the two variables

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79
Q

residual poverty

A

is poverty over generations, chronic and multigenerational

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80
Q

marginal poverty happens when

A

someone is chronically unemployed or underemployed

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81
Q

what influences the way we express emotion

A

gender and culture

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82
Q

the general soluble particles

A

CASH-N-GIA= Chlorates, acetates, sulfates, halides (not flouride), Nitrates, Group 1, Ammonium

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83
Q

exceptions to soluble compounds

A

HAPpy(mercury, silver, lead) and CBS(Group II metals, Calcium, barium, strontium)

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84
Q

Meissners corpuscles

A

Transmit sensory impulses associated with light touch

85
Q

Merkel discs

A

Sense deep pressure texture and not light touch

86
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Respond to pain and temperature

87
Q

Vestibular system

A

Balance is controlled

88
Q

Proprioception

A

Is the ability to orient ourselves and locate our own body parts in space

89
Q

Principle of proximity

A

Objects that appear close together in space will be grouped together

90
Q

Principle of good continuation

A

Explains that we tend to perceive two or more objects as separate even when they intersect

91
Q

Binocular cues

A

Allow us to obtain information regarding the depth of an object

92
Q

Stage 2 sleep is characterized as

A

Diminishing theta waves and the appearance of k complexes ( larger amplitudes) sleep spindles (sporadic clumps of high-frequency medium-amplitude waves)

93
Q

R.E.M. Sleep is characterized by

A

An increase in electrooculograms the presence of beta waves, increased heart rate and increased respiratory activity

94
Q

Treismans attenuation model

A

Proposes that we turn down or attenuate the intensity of less important stimuli to focus on another task

95
Q

Broad bent model

A

Some distracting stimuli are selectively filtered out at a bottleneck preventing them from ever reaching the subjects higher level processing
S

96
Q

Memorized tasks utilize what type of processing

A

Automatic

97
Q

Having to learn a new tasks requires what type of processing

A

Controlled processing

98
Q

Ideal gas assumptions

A

Molecules are so small that they take up no volume
Molecules of a gas are in constant motion and have elastic collisions
Molecules of a gas experience no intermolecular forces
The average kinetic energy of molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temp

99
Q

1cm^3 is equal to how many ml

A

1

100
Q

Pascal is equal to

A

Force/unit area =N/m^2

101
Q

When are there deviations in ideal gas behavior

A

At low temps and high pressure

102
Q

Real gas vs ideal gas pressure

A

Pressure real < p ideal

103
Q

At high pressures volume occupied by each gas particle becomes a greater proportion of the gas sample and therefore ideal vs real gas volume is

A

Ideal > real

104
Q

the nativist theory of language acquisition

A

language acquisition is acquired through an innate biological mechanism and includes the critical period in which only certain things of language can be acquired

105
Q

3 components of our emotions

A

physiological, cognitive and behavioral

106
Q

primary appraisal of stress

A

is recognizing the stress and the environment surrounding it. the person analyzes the potential stressor along with the surrounding environment to determine whether it represents a threat

107
Q

secondary appraisal of stress

A

decide how to reasonably cope with the stress at hand

108
Q

biofeedback

A

uses technology to monitor various bodily functions and display them to the participant in order to cause them to change it or cope with it better

109
Q

coffee cup calorimetry cannot be used for

A

extreme conditions such as low pressure high pressure and very high temp

110
Q

specific heat is equal to

A

the heat capacity of a substance/ mass

111
Q

specific heat is

A

the heat capacity of one gram of substance

112
Q

things that speed up reaction rate

A

Lower the activation energy the faster the reaction rate
greater concentrations of reactants the faster the reaction rate
higher temperature of the reaction mixture the faster the reaction rate

113
Q

a catalyst that accelerates a reaction rate does so by

A

lowering the activation energy of the rate-determining step and the energy of the highest-energy transition state

114
Q

what does a catalyst do

A

it lowers the activation energy and it does not get used up. it also does not change the equilibrium or thermodynamics in the process

115
Q

for rate constant always want the units to be

A

M/s

116
Q

solubility of solids in liquids increases with

A

increasing temp

117
Q

solubility of gases in liquids tends to decrease with

A

increasing temp

118
Q

solubility of gases in liquids tends to increase with

A

increasing pressure

119
Q

Role strain

A

is the many problems that occur in one role. One status pulling you different ways ex: school when all classes require things from you

120
Q

Role conflict

A

is when there are different identities or roles. 2 or more statuses

121
Q

primary group

A

close human relationships. comes with emotions and support

122
Q

secondary group

A

only a few goal directed things. only a group to accomplish something. short term and goal oriented

123
Q

ethnocentric

A

we judge our own culture to be superior to that of others

124
Q

cultural relativism

A

there is no right or wrong but we have different cultures who are themselves valid

125
Q

in group

A

the group that we are in and the group that we are psychologically most similar to. Stronger interactions than with the out-group.

126
Q

out group

A

people you are not similar to you

127
Q

in group favoritism

A

we are friendly to people in our in group. we are neutral to the out-group

128
Q

out-group derogation

A

we are nice to our in group but we discriminate against the out-group. this happens when the out-group is perceived as going to prevent the in group from achieving something

129
Q

dramaturgy front stage

A

when people are in a social setting. putting on a front to get people to like you

130
Q

back stage

A

when the act is over and you act the most like yourself and do what comes to mind

131
Q

impression management

A

our attempt to control how people see us

132
Q

aggression

A

any thing whether verbal or physical meant to do harm

133
Q

3 things that are thought to cause aggression

A

biological, psychological, socio-cultural

134
Q

parts of the brain known in aggression

A

frontal lobe and amygdala

135
Q

amygdala known for

A

fear response

136
Q

frustration-aggression principle

A

frustration leads to aggression. temperature can cause this

137
Q

socio-cultural aggression

A

when people in groups are more likely to be aggression

138
Q

deindividuation

A

in a group you are considered anonymous and more likely to do things that you would not do in person

139
Q

social scripts

A

people rely on what is deemed as okay in a social situation by society

140
Q

harlow monkey experiment

A

explains that mother-child attachment is more than just food resources and the child will go toward comfort things. comfort forms the basis of attachment

141
Q

discrimination

A

are harmful actions against minority groups

142
Q

individual discrimination

A

one person is taking action on discriminating

143
Q

institutional discrimination

A

school,government, and other institutions. Ex: brown vs board of education

144
Q

institutional discrimination intentional

A

has a law that discriminates

145
Q

past and present discrimination

A

a negative attitude coming from the past that leads to a minority not being treated correctly

146
Q

prejudice

A

attitudes. usually negative and not based on facts

147
Q

discrimination

A

you act on your prejudice.

148
Q

utilitarian organizations

A

members are paid for their efforts includes universities but you do receive a diploma for your shared time

149
Q

normative organization

A

shared goals

150
Q

normative organization

A

shared goals such as volunteers

151
Q

bureaucracy

A

rules, structures and ranking.

152
Q

bureaucratization

A

how things become increasingly become governed more by law and policy

153
Q

rule of oligarchy

A

describes how even the most democratic of organizations tend to become more bureaucratic over time

154
Q

mcdonalization

A

how the rule of fast food companies have come to rule our organizations. include efficiency, calculability, predictability and control

155
Q

max weber beliefs of ideal bureaucracy 5 things

A

structure of organizations. ideal bureaucracy includes division of labor (increase alienation, trained incapacity), hierarchy of organization (deprive people of having any type of voice), written rules and regulations (can stifle creativity and can discourage initiative), impersonality conduct behavior in an unbiased way (can lead to alienation), employment based on technical qualifications

156
Q

four kinds of support we can have

A

emotional support (provided by family and close friends), esteem support , information support, tangible support (monetary), companionship support (companionship while you engage in an activity)

157
Q

three components of emotions

A

cognitive, physiological, and behavioral

158
Q

difference between moods and emotions

A

moods last longer and are not as distinct

159
Q

why are first impressions important

A
  1. long (lasts long)
  2. strong (pretty hard to overcome)
  3. built upon (look to find support of 1st impression)
160
Q

primacy bias

A

the first impression is being important

161
Q

recency bias

A

recent impression or data is also important

162
Q

macrosociology

A

whole civilizations looking for patterns ex: war, poverty, medical, and economy

163
Q

functionalism

A

is a macro sociology example

164
Q

functionalism

A

is a macro sociology example looks at a society as a whole and the institutions that make up society adapt to make things work

165
Q

conflict theory

A

is a macro sociology example. explains how society is made up of institutions that benefit the powerful and create inequalities

166
Q

microsociology

A

you are looking at the small scale face to face interactions. interpretive analysis of the society.

167
Q

conservative view of institutions

A

forms naturally and naturally benefits people

168
Q

progressive view of institutions

A

says that institutions are an artificial piece of society and need to be changed to make society better

169
Q

sects

A

break away from the church

170
Q

cults

A

reject the things from society

171
Q

fundamentalism

A

when people go back to strict religious rules

172
Q

secularization

A

is the rejection of religious beliefs and more emphasis on governmental involvement

173
Q

authoritarian government

A

absolute obedience to authority

174
Q

dictatorships

A

are a form of authoritarian government in which one person rules

175
Q

communism

A

is a classless based society in which everything is owned by the community

176
Q

capitalism

A

motivated by profits and features private ownership of production with a market economy based on supply and demand

177
Q

socialism

A

wants to benefit society as a whole and supply and demand is based on needs

178
Q

functionalist

A

everyone in society has a function to contribute

179
Q

medicalization

A

is human conditions get defined as medical conditions and get treated by medicine

180
Q

sick role

A

in society in which people are allowed to be sick and not contribute to society to get better

181
Q

palliative care

A

is the access to healthcare

182
Q

functionalism

A

system of thinking by emile durkeim and how society is made up of different parts and how they all contribute to society. Society is made from a bunch of different institutions

183
Q

social facts

A

are ways of thinking and acting formed by society. they are unique objects that cannot be affected by an individual. We don’t know its there until we try to act against it. ex: law

184
Q

problems of functionalism

A

focuses more about the institutions not enough emphasis of the individual and it also does not explain social change that occurs

185
Q

conflict theory

A

focuses on the inequalities in society. made by karl marx

186
Q

class consciousness

A

have people realize where they are in society and how they are being used. unite and form a group to overthrow the larger power

187
Q

karl marx theory

A

is that if one group exploits another group would lead to destruction of it. Thesis is having one have the power antithesis (any source of unrest and tension) is where the lower is over being used and uprise

188
Q

social constructionism

A

is that the things around us are actually not real but only exist because we give them value. Ex: money has no value except for the value we have given it

189
Q

weak social constructionism

A

based on broot facts and the basic and fundamental.

190
Q

strong social constructionism

A

all knowledge is a social construct and there are no root facts. there are no facts that just exist

191
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

explains social order and looks on a small scale. Development of the individual is a process and is based on interactions with others.

192
Q

symbolic interactionism tenets

A
  1. we act on the meaning of the things that we have given them
  2. we give meaning to things based on our social interactions
  3. the meaning we give something is not permanent and changes in our day to day life
193
Q

feminist theory

A

macroperspective. Focuses on the stratification and inequalities in society. Looks beyond the male base perspective to focus on the gender inequalities

194
Q

marginalized

A

meaning that they have been confined to a lower limit in society

195
Q

4 parts of the feminist theory

A

gender differences (what we are supposed to be doing and what attributes we have), gender inequality (how things by a woman are devalued), gender oppression, structural oppression

196
Q

rational choice theory

A

is the idea that everything people do is fundamentally rational. they weigh the costs and benefits of choices. people act in self-interest. choose the best outcome for themselves

197
Q

exchange theory

A

looks at society as a series of interactions with one another. Interpersonal interactions. These interactions are determined by weighing the rewards and punishments of an interaction

198
Q

amphiprotic

A

means something can act as both an acid and a base

199
Q

denaturation results in loss of

A

secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure

200
Q

degree of unsaturation equation

A

[(2n+2)-x/2]

201
Q

nucleophilicity rules

A

increases as negative charge increases
increases going down the periodic table in a group
increases going left in the periodic table across a particular period

202
Q

total mechanical energy equation

A

E=KE+PE

203
Q

favorable sn1 conditions

A

polar aprotic solvent
primary
results in a backside attack
kinetics include nucleophile and electrophile concentrations

204
Q

favorable sn2 conditions

A 
tertiary 
protic solvents stabilizes the carbocation 
relies on electrophile concentration 
makes a racemic mixture 
leaving group leaving is the slow step
205
Q

secondary alcohols treated with PCC

A

turn into ketones

206
Q

primary alcohols treated with CrO3

A

turn into aldehydes

207
Q

oxidizing agents

A 
chromatic acid (H2CrO4)
chromate salt (CrO4^2-)
Dichromate salt (Cr2O7^2-)
Permanganate (MnO4-)
Chromium Trioxide (CrO3)
208
Q

not as strong oxidizing agent

A

PCC

keep on getting wrong/ things i've learned (1 decks)

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