shit you don't know Flashcards
Ka*Kb=
10^-14
what is water capable of doing
autoionization therefore in equilibrium ka= kw (10^-14)
pH is the logarithm of the hydronium ions
pH= -log(H3O+)
red litmus paper turns what color when it is in contact with base
blue
buffers can be
a weak acid with its conjugate base
a weak base with its conjugate acid
weak acids
HF, CH3COOH (acetic acid), HCN, HNO2, H2CO3, H2SO3, H3PO4, (COOH)2
weak base
ammonium NH3, hypochlorite ion, carbonate ion, hydrosulfide ion, methylamine, hydroxylamine, pyridine
how do buffers work
when a strong acid is added the base neutralizes the H3O+ ions
when a strong base is added the acid neutralizes the OH- ions
what is needed for a buffer to be the most effective
the number of moles of the weak acid and its conjugate base must be large and vice versa compared to the strong acid or base that is being added
buffer that maintains the blood pH
H2CO3+H2O–> HCO3-+H30+
pH of the blood is maintained around
7.4
what happens if the pH goes any lower than 6.8 or above 7.8
our cells will begin to denature
Ka is the
acid ionization constant or acid dissociation constant
Ka»>1 is a
strong acid because you will more readily ionize therefore there will be more products versus the reactants
stronger acid makes for a
weaker conjugate base
ka«<1 is a
weak acid
water is amphoteric therefore it can
act as an acid or a base
Kw is the
autoionization constant
autoionization of water equation
[H3O+][OH-]. you ignore the starting water because it is pure water
concentration of hydronium and hydroxide in water at standard temp
1*10^-7
you have such low concentration of ions in autoionization because
it is equal to 1*10^-14 making the ka very very small
ph=
-log(H3O+)
scientific notation if you have positive integer
move to the right
Scientific notation if you have negative integer
move to the left
HF is what kind of acid
a weak acid because it binds strongly to the Flourine atom therefore it is less likely to give up its hydrogen
HI is the strongest
acid in the halogen group then follows HBr then HCl
strong acids
HClO4, HX(Br, I, Cl), H2SO4, HNO3
strong bases
NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2
when you lose a leaving group you want it to
be stabilized by electron donating groups
lower the pka the
stronger acid
ammonia is a
weak base
ammonium ion
NH4+ is an acid
pka+ pkb=
14
salts from a strong acid and a strong base forms what kind of solution
a neutral solution
salt with a weak acid and strong base will form
basic solutions that are greater than 7
salt with strong acid and weak base
will give you an acidic solution
common ion effect if you add an acetate ion then
this will increase the amount of acetate ion and therefore will increase in the opposite direction and increase the pH because less H3O is being formed
what equation do you use for buffer calculations
henderson- hasselbach
log 1=
0
the three component weberian theory
with class, power, and status all being important wealth power prestige influence the way in which people treat one another
substance use is a diagnostic criterion of
Bipolar disorder
personality disorders are seen as
relatively stable over an individuals life
number of births per 1000 is
birth rate
fertility rate is
number of children per woman
social capital
is the value embedded in social networks which includes connections, job leads, the availability to aid in a crisis and so forth
Cultural capital
encompasses non-financial factors that lead to social mobility, such as knowledge of styles and manners of speech, appearance, and charisma. It does not include the value of social networks, though having strong social networks can help in acquiring it
false consensus
means that people tend to overestimate how common their behavior is and assume that others do the same thing that they do
self-serving bias
is a tendency to make attributions that protect our self-esteem
fundamental attribution error
is the tendency for people to attribute the behavior of others to internal, stable, underlying personality traits
actor-observer bias
is the tendency to attribute our own behaviors externally while attributing others’ behaviors internally
anomie
describes the breakdown in social bonds in modern society which is the result of the social norms and reciprocity
external validity
involve application of the study to outside situations
transtheoretical change model
describes the different stages a person goes through when making decisions. pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance
client centered therapy
emphasizes collaboration between practioner and client and the client relationship
dialectical-behavioral therapy
emphasizes regulation of affect and interpersonal effectiveness
how long does short term memory last
15-30 seconds unless it is actively rehearsed
Bipolar I
has severe manic states while bipolar II does not
normative conformity
describes a situation in which a person does something to fit in or be liked
identification
is when a person changes the way they act to fill a social role
compliance
when a person publicly agrees but privately does not
anterograde amnesia
refers to when a person loses the ability to create memories after the event that caused the amnesia
retrograde amnesia
is the inability to recall past memories. happened before an event
pareidola
The psychological phenomenon that causes some people to see or hear a vague or random image or sound as something significant
abasia
is the inability to walk possibly due to some psychological shock or trauma
parapraxis
is a slip of the tongue that might reveal something that is actually desired
mediating factor
explains between one factor and another
meta-cognition
involves being able to think about thinking and enables an individual to observe his own processes to learn from them
primary prevention
refers to prevention of a disease or problem area before any signs, symptoms, or risk behaviors have developed
secondary prevention
when there is already a present illness or problem that needs to be prevented
tertiary prevention
is prevention of a disease from getting any worse
social facilitation
the tendency to perform better when there is a group watching you(if you are good at the task)
false consciousness
refers to internalizing oppressive narratives regarding unjust social structures
strain theory
posists that when people are prevented from achieving through culturally approved through institutional means they experience strain that can lead to deviance. retreativist retreat when their behavior is unacceptable (alcoholism or drug addiction)
informal social control
relies on social values exercised implicitly by a society through particular customs, norms and mores
formal social control
include laws, rules, ethics, or conduct
informal norms
are not in the law but followed by certain groups of people while formal norms are codified in the law
moderating variable
explains the strength between two variables
mediating variable
explains why there is a relationship between the two variables
residual poverty
is poverty over generations, chronic and multigenerational
marginal poverty happens when
someone is chronically unemployed or underemployed
what influences the way we express emotion
gender and culture
the general soluble particles
CASH-N-GIA= Chlorates, acetates, sulfates, halides (not flouride), Nitrates, Group 1, Ammonium
exceptions to soluble compounds
HAPpy(mercury, silver, lead) and CBS(Group II metals, Calcium, barium, strontium)
Meissners corpuscles
Transmit sensory impulses associated with light touch
Merkel discs
Sense deep pressure texture and not light touch
Free nerve endings
Respond to pain and temperature
Vestibular system
Balance is controlled
Proprioception
Is the ability to orient ourselves and locate our own body parts in space
Principle of proximity
Objects that appear close together in space will be grouped together
Principle of good continuation
Explains that we tend to perceive two or more objects as separate even when they intersect
Binocular cues
Allow us to obtain information regarding the depth of an object
Stage 2 sleep is characterized as
Diminishing theta waves and the appearance of k complexes ( larger amplitudes) sleep spindles (sporadic clumps of high-frequency medium-amplitude waves)
R.E.M. Sleep is characterized by
An increase in electrooculograms the presence of beta waves, increased heart rate and increased respiratory activity
Treismans attenuation model
Proposes that we turn down or attenuate the intensity of less important stimuli to focus on another task
Broad bent model
Some distracting stimuli are selectively filtered out at a bottleneck preventing them from ever reaching the subjects higher level processing
S
Memorized tasks utilize what type of processing
Automatic
Having to learn a new tasks requires what type of processing
Controlled processing
Ideal gas assumptions
Molecules are so small that they take up no volume
Molecules of a gas are in constant motion and have elastic collisions
Molecules of a gas experience no intermolecular forces
The average kinetic energy of molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temp
1cm^3 is equal to how many ml
1
Pascal is equal to
Force/unit area =N/m^2
When are there deviations in ideal gas behavior
At low temps and high pressure
Real gas vs ideal gas pressure
Pressure real < p ideal
At high pressures volume occupied by each gas particle becomes a greater proportion of the gas sample and therefore ideal vs real gas volume is
Ideal > real
the nativist theory of language acquisition
language acquisition is acquired through an innate biological mechanism and includes the critical period in which only certain things of language can be acquired
3 components of our emotions
physiological, cognitive and behavioral
primary appraisal of stress
is recognizing the stress and the environment surrounding it. the person analyzes the potential stressor along with the surrounding environment to determine whether it represents a threat
secondary appraisal of stress
decide how to reasonably cope with the stress at hand
biofeedback
uses technology to monitor various bodily functions and display them to the participant in order to cause them to change it or cope with it better
coffee cup calorimetry cannot be used for
extreme conditions such as low pressure high pressure and very high temp
specific heat is equal to
the heat capacity of a substance/ mass
specific heat is
the heat capacity of one gram of substance
things that speed up reaction rate
Lower the activation energy the faster the reaction rate
greater concentrations of reactants the faster the reaction rate
higher temperature of the reaction mixture the faster the reaction rate
a catalyst that accelerates a reaction rate does so by
lowering the activation energy of the rate-determining step and the energy of the highest-energy transition state
what does a catalyst do
it lowers the activation energy and it does not get used up. it also does not change the equilibrium or thermodynamics in the process
for rate constant always want the units to be
M/s
solubility of solids in liquids increases with
increasing temp
solubility of gases in liquids tends to decrease with
increasing temp
solubility of gases in liquids tends to increase with
increasing pressure
Role strain
is the many problems that occur in one role. One status pulling you different ways ex: school when all classes require things from you
Role conflict
is when there are different identities or roles. 2 or more statuses
primary group
close human relationships. comes with emotions and support
secondary group
only a few goal directed things. only a group to accomplish something. short term and goal oriented
ethnocentric
we judge our own culture to be superior to that of others
cultural relativism
there is no right or wrong but we have different cultures who are themselves valid
in group
the group that we are in and the group that we are psychologically most similar to. Stronger interactions than with the out-group.
out group
people you are not similar to you
in group favoritism
we are friendly to people in our in group. we are neutral to the out-group
out-group derogation
we are nice to our in group but we discriminate against the out-group. this happens when the out-group is perceived as going to prevent the in group from achieving something
dramaturgy front stage
when people are in a social setting. putting on a front to get people to like you
back stage
when the act is over and you act the most like yourself and do what comes to mind
impression management
our attempt to control how people see us
aggression
any thing whether verbal or physical meant to do harm
3 things that are thought to cause aggression
biological, psychological, socio-cultural
parts of the brain known in aggression
frontal lobe and amygdala
amygdala known for
fear response
frustration-aggression principle
frustration leads to aggression. temperature can cause this
socio-cultural aggression
when people in groups are more likely to be aggression
deindividuation
in a group you are considered anonymous and more likely to do things that you would not do in person
social scripts
people rely on what is deemed as okay in a social situation by society
harlow monkey experiment
explains that mother-child attachment is more than just food resources and the child will go toward comfort things. comfort forms the basis of attachment
discrimination
are harmful actions against minority groups
individual discrimination
one person is taking action on discriminating
institutional discrimination
school,government, and other institutions. Ex: brown vs board of education
institutional discrimination intentional
has a law that discriminates
past and present discrimination
a negative attitude coming from the past that leads to a minority not being treated correctly
prejudice
attitudes. usually negative and not based on facts
discrimination
you act on your prejudice.
utilitarian organizations
members are paid for their efforts includes universities but you do receive a diploma for your shared time
normative organization
shared goals
normative organization
shared goals such as volunteers
bureaucracy
rules, structures and ranking.
bureaucratization
how things become increasingly become governed more by law and policy
rule of oligarchy
describes how even the most democratic of organizations tend to become more bureaucratic over time
mcdonalization
how the rule of fast food companies have come to rule our organizations. include efficiency, calculability, predictability and control
max weber beliefs of ideal bureaucracy 5 things
structure of organizations. ideal bureaucracy includes division of labor (increase alienation, trained incapacity), hierarchy of organization (deprive people of having any type of voice), written rules and regulations (can stifle creativity and can discourage initiative), impersonality conduct behavior in an unbiased way (can lead to alienation), employment based on technical qualifications
four kinds of support we can have
emotional support (provided by family and close friends), esteem support , information support, tangible support (monetary), companionship support (companionship while you engage in an activity)
three components of emotions
cognitive, physiological, and behavioral
difference between moods and emotions
moods last longer and are not as distinct
why are first impressions important
- long (lasts long)
- strong (pretty hard to overcome)
- built upon (look to find support of 1st impression)
primacy bias
the first impression is being important
recency bias
recent impression or data is also important
macrosociology
whole civilizations looking for patterns ex: war, poverty, medical, and economy
functionalism
is a macro sociology example
functionalism
is a macro sociology example looks at a society as a whole and the institutions that make up society adapt to make things work
conflict theory
is a macro sociology example. explains how society is made up of institutions that benefit the powerful and create inequalities
microsociology
you are looking at the small scale face to face interactions. interpretive analysis of the society.
conservative view of institutions
forms naturally and naturally benefits people
progressive view of institutions
says that institutions are an artificial piece of society and need to be changed to make society better
sects
break away from the church
cults
reject the things from society
fundamentalism
when people go back to strict religious rules
secularization
is the rejection of religious beliefs and more emphasis on governmental involvement
authoritarian government
absolute obedience to authority
dictatorships
are a form of authoritarian government in which one person rules
communism
is a classless based society in which everything is owned by the community
capitalism
motivated by profits and features private ownership of production with a market economy based on supply and demand
socialism
wants to benefit society as a whole and supply and demand is based on needs
functionalist
everyone in society has a function to contribute
medicalization
is human conditions get defined as medical conditions and get treated by medicine
sick role
in society in which people are allowed to be sick and not contribute to society to get better
palliative care
is the access to healthcare
functionalism
system of thinking by emile durkeim and how society is made up of different parts and how they all contribute to society. Society is made from a bunch of different institutions
social facts
are ways of thinking and acting formed by society. they are unique objects that cannot be affected by an individual. We don’t know its there until we try to act against it. ex: law
problems of functionalism
focuses more about the institutions not enough emphasis of the individual and it also does not explain social change that occurs
conflict theory
focuses on the inequalities in society. made by karl marx
class consciousness
have people realize where they are in society and how they are being used. unite and form a group to overthrow the larger power
karl marx theory
is that if one group exploits another group would lead to destruction of it. Thesis is having one have the power antithesis (any source of unrest and tension) is where the lower is over being used and uprise
social constructionism
is that the things around us are actually not real but only exist because we give them value. Ex: money has no value except for the value we have given it
weak social constructionism
based on broot facts and the basic and fundamental.
strong social constructionism
all knowledge is a social construct and there are no root facts. there are no facts that just exist
symbolic interactionism
explains social order and looks on a small scale. Development of the individual is a process and is based on interactions with others.
symbolic interactionism tenets
- we act on the meaning of the things that we have given them
- we give meaning to things based on our social interactions
- the meaning we give something is not permanent and changes in our day to day life
feminist theory
macroperspective. Focuses on the stratification and inequalities in society. Looks beyond the male base perspective to focus on the gender inequalities
marginalized
meaning that they have been confined to a lower limit in society
4 parts of the feminist theory
gender differences (what we are supposed to be doing and what attributes we have), gender inequality (how things by a woman are devalued), gender oppression, structural oppression
rational choice theory
is the idea that everything people do is fundamentally rational. they weigh the costs and benefits of choices. people act in self-interest. choose the best outcome for themselves
exchange theory
looks at society as a series of interactions with one another. Interpersonal interactions. These interactions are determined by weighing the rewards and punishments of an interaction
amphiprotic
means something can act as both an acid and a base
denaturation results in loss of
secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure
degree of unsaturation equation
[(2n+2)-x/2]
nucleophilicity rules
increases as negative charge increases
increases going down the periodic table in a group
increases going left in the periodic table across a particular period
total mechanical energy equation
E=KE+PE
favorable sn1 conditions
polar aprotic solvent
primary
results in a backside attack
kinetics include nucleophile and electrophile concentrations
favorable sn2 conditions
tertiary protic solvents stabilizes the carbocation relies on electrophile concentration makes a racemic mixture leaving group leaving is the slow step
secondary alcohols treated with PCC
turn into ketones
primary alcohols treated with CrO3
turn into aldehydes
oxidizing agents
chromatic acid (H2CrO4) chromate salt (CrO4^2-) Dichromate salt (Cr2O7^2-) Permanganate (MnO4-) Chromium Trioxide (CrO3)
not as strong oxidizing agent
PCC
