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1
Q

Hypothalamus hormones (6)

A

TRH, CRH, GHRH, GnRH, Somatostatin, Dopamine

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2
Q

TRH

A

thyrotropin-RH

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3
Q

CRH

A

corticotropin-RH

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4
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones (7)

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, GH (MSH)

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5
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropin hormone

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6
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

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7
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones (2)

A

ADH and oxytocin

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8
Q

Steroid Hormones (7)

A

cortisol, aldosterone, estradiol, estriol, progesterone, testosterone, calcitriol

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9
Q

Where are catecholamines synthesized and how do they work?

A

synthesized in cytosol and secretory granules

act through cell-membrane associated receptors

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10
Q

Where are thyroid hormones synthesized and how do they work?

A

thyroid gland and stored in thyroglobulin in follicles

cross cell-membrane and act via NRs

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11
Q

origin and action of TRH

A

hypothalamus; secretion of TSH and prolactin

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12
Q

origin and action of CRH

A

hypothalamus; secretion of ACTH

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13
Q

origin and action of GnRH

A

hypothalamus; secretion of LH and FSH

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14
Q

origin and action of SRIF (somatostatin/somatotropin release-inhibiting factor)

A

hypothalamus; inhibits secretion of growth hormone

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15
Q

action and origin of dopamine (prolactin-inhibiting factor)

A

hypothalamus; inhibits secretion of prolactin

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16
Q

origin and action of GHRH

A

hypothalamus; secretion of growth hormone

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17
Q

origin and action of TSH

A

anterior pituitary; synthesis ands secretion of thyroid hormones

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18
Q

origin and action of FSH

A

anterior pituitary;
sperm maturation in Sertoli cells
follicular development and estrogen synthesis in ovaries

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19
Q

origin and action of LH

A

anterior pituitary;
testosterone synthesis in leading cells
ovulation, corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries

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20
Q

origin and action of growth hormone

A

anterior pituitary; protein synthesis and growth

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21
Q

origin and action prolactin

A

anterior pituitary; milk production and secretion

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22
Q

origin and action of ACTH

A

anterior pituitary; synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortisol hormones (cortisol, androgens, aldosterone)

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23
Q

origin and action of MSH

A

anterior pituitary; melanin synthesis

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24
Q

origin and action of oxytocin

A

posterior pituitary; milk ejection and uterine contractions

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25
Q

origin and action of triiodothyronine (T3) and L-thyroxine (T4)

A

thyroid; skeletal growth, O2 consumption, heat production, protein/carb/fat utilization and maturation of CNS

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26
Q

origin and action of ADH

A

posterior pituitary; water reabsorption in principal cells of CDs and constriction of arterioles

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27
Q

origin and action of calcitonin

A

thyroid; decreases serum calcium

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28
Q

origin and action of PTH

A

parathyroid; increases serum calcium

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29
Q

origin and action of cortisol (glucocorticoid)

A

adrenal cortex; gluconeogenesis, inhibits inflammatory response/immune response; enhances vascular response to catecholamines (E and NE)

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30
Q

origin and action of aldosterone

A

adrenal cortex; increases renal sodium absorption and potassium and H+ secretion

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31
Q

origin and action of DHEA and androstenedione (adrenal androgens)

A

adrenal cortex;

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32
Q

origin and action of estradiol

A

ovaries; growth and development of female reproductive system

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33
Q

origin and action of progesterone

A

ovaries; luteal phase of menstrual cycle

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34
Q

origin and action of HCG

A

placenta; estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus luteum

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35
Q

origin and action of renin

A

kidney; conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

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36
Q

origin and action calcitriol

A

kidney; increases intestinal absorption of calcium

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37
Q

Adenyl cyclase hormones

A

ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, glucagon

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38
Q

PLC hormones

A

GnRH, TRH, ocytocin

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39
Q

steroid horomones

A

thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone

40
Q

hormone that inhibits GnRH

41
Q

Inhibits prolactin

42
Q

Axon that secretes ADH

A

Supraoptic Nuclei (SON)

43
Q

Axon that secretes oxytocin

A

paraventricular nuclei (PVN)

44
Q

what do beta cells secrete?

A

insulin and C peptide

45
Q

what do alpha cells secrete?

46
Q

what do delta cells secrete?

A

somatostatin

47
Q

glucagon function

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose to increase blood levels

48
Q

how does insulin affect K+

A

increases uptake into cells lowering the blood potassium

49
Q

how does insulin affect lipolysis

A

decreases it leading to decreased ketoacids in blood

50
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A

destruction of Beta cells; juvenile onset; leads to diabetic ketoacidosis; leads to hyperkalemia and K+ leaves cells and is often excreted in urine

51
Q

3 main mechanisms of obesity-induced insulin resistance

A
  1. decreased GLUT4 uptake by skeletal muscle
  2. decreased ability of insulin to repress hepatic glucose production
  3. inability of insulin to increase insulin uptake in adipose tissue and decrease lipolysis
52
Q

function of incretin hormones (GLP-1 and GIP)

A

short half life and secreted responding to GI glucose and fat

stimulates glucose dependent insulin secretion; inhibits glucagon secretion; and slows gastric emptying

53
Q

Stimulus for PTH secretion from chief cells in parathyroid gland?

A

decreased plasma calcium

54
Q

Function of M-CSF

A

induce stem cells to form osteoclast precursors

55
Q

RANKL function

A

surface protein from osteoblasts for NFkB ligand; primary mediator of osteoclast formation

56
Q

RANK function

A

receptor on osteoclasts and osteoclast precursors

57
Q

OPG function

A

protein produced by osteoblasts that is a decoy receptor for RANKL; prevents osteoclast formation

58
Q

common presentation of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in women

A

hirsutism (body hair), oligomenorrhea, and infertility

59
Q

common glucocorticoid

60
Q

disease of excess glucocorticoids

A

Cushing’s syndrome or disease

61
Q

disease of deficient glucocorticoids

A

Addison’s

62
Q

Test for hypercortisolism

A

DST; administer glucocorticoids and measure effects on ACTH and cortisol

63
Q

test for hypocortisolism

A

CST; administer ACTH and measure cortisol

64
Q

11 Beta-HSD2 function

A

metabolizes cortisol to cortisone (inactive) keeping MR open for aldosterone

65
Q

alpha 1 receptor

A

increase IP3 and DAG; vascular smooth muscle contraction

66
Q

alpha 2 receptor

A

decrease cAMP; inhibit NorE and E release

67
Q

beta 1 receptor

A

increase cAMP; increase CO on heart

68
Q

beta 2 receptor

A

increase cAMP; increase liver glucose output and decrease contraction of bronchioles and blood vessels

69
Q

beta 3 receptor

A

increase cAMP; increase liver glucose output and lipolysis

70
Q

acidophilic hormones

A

Prolactin, MSH, GH

71
Q

basophilic hormones

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH

72
Q

lipophilic medications

A

long acting

73
Q

hydrophilic medications

A

short acting

74
Q

Gs pathway

A

stimulates AC leading to increase in cAMP

75
Q

Gi pathway

A

inhibits AC leading to decrease in cAMP

76
Q

Gq pathway

A

activates PLC leading to increased Ca2+, DAG, and IPs

77
Q

phosphorylation of what inactivates IRS-1

A

serine instead of tyrosine

78
Q

ER alpha found

A

female reproductive tract

79
Q

ER beta found

A

ovaries and prostate; also lung, brain, and bone

80
Q

Action of ER activation

A

HAT activation for transcription

81
Q

Tamoxifen action

A

antagonist of ER that promotes HDAC activity inhibiting transcription

82
Q

what catalyzes first step in steroid synthesis

A

20,22 desmolase (Cytochrome P450, CYP11A1); cholesterol to pregenolone

83
Q

effects of cortisol

A

anti-inflammatory, increase GNG, and increase BP

84
Q

What accumulates in 11 beta hydroxylase deficiency?

A

17-alpha-Hydroxyprogestrone and 11-deoxycorticosterone

85
Q

Implication of 11-deoxycorticosterone accumulation?

A

constitutively activates MR leading to increased Na+ and water retention and high BP

86
Q

What accumulates in 21-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency?

A

progesterone, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and 17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone

87
Q

implications of ILD (17,20 lyase deficiency)

A

impaired androgen production but does not affect glucocorticoids or mineralocorticoids

88
Q

implications of combined ILD/17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency

A

impaired androgen and glucocorticoid production

89
Q

what do adipose tissue macrophages and kupffer cells express that suppresses inflammation

A

IL-1Ra suppresses IL-1B

90
Q

CTLA-4 mechanism

A

found on T cells:

  1. intrinsic function to deliver inhibitory signals
  2. extrinsic function makes B7 costimulatory molecule unavailable to CD28 blocking T cell activation
91
Q

3 ways Tregs act

A

make IL-10 and TGF-B
reduce APCs ability to stimulate T cells (CTLA-4)
Consumption of IL-2 (many more receptors)

92
Q

What does GHRH stimulate after binding?

A

Gs receptor that stimulates increase in cAMP

93
Q

action of TRH

A

increase TSH and prolactin

94
Q

action of dopamine

A

decrease prolactin

95
Q

action of perchlorate and thiocynate

A

inhibits NIS

96
Q

action of PTU

A

inhibits TPO slowing down final thyroid production

97
Q

Wolff-Chaikoff effect

A

inhibits organification actions when there is high iodine so we don’t get too much thyroid hormones

Endo/Repro (2 decks)

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