Shikimate

Question 1

What is the primary function of the shikimate pathway?

Answer 1

The shikimate pathway is responsible for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and various secondary metabolites in plants.

Question 2

True or False: The shikimate pathway is present in animals.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Which compounds are primarily synthesized through the shikimate pathway?

Answer 3

Aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.

Question 4

Fill in the blank: Flavonoids are a class of compounds known for their __________ properties.

Answer 4

antioxidant

Question 5

What are flavones?

Answer 5

Flavones are a type of flavonoid that are characterized by a 15-carbon skeleton and are often found in yellow pigments in plants.

Question 6

Which type of flavonoid is known for its role in red, blue, and purple pigmentation in fruits and flowers?

Answer 6

Anthocyanins

Question 7

True or False: Chalcones are considered precursors to flavonoids.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What distinguishes flavanols from other flavonoids?

Answer 8

Flavanols are characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group on the C3 position of the flavonoid structure.

Question 9

Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of flavonoid? A) Flavones B) Isoflavonoids C) Carotenoids D) Chalcones

Answer 9

C) Carotenoids

Question 10

What are isoflavonoids primarily known for?

Answer 10

Isoflavonoids are known for their estrogenic activity and are often found in legumes.

Question 11

Fill in the blank: The biosynthesis of flavonoids is largely dependent on the __________ pathway.

Answer 11

shikimate

Question 12

True or False: Anthocyanins are soluble in water.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What is the role of flavonoids in plant defense?

Answer 13

Flavonoids play a role in protecting plants from UV radiation, pathogens, and herbivores.

Question 14

Multiple choice: Which of the following is a common source of flavonoids? A) Citrus fruits B) Meat C) Dairy D) Grains

Answer 14

A) Citrus fruits

Question 15

What is the structural difference between flavanones and flavones?

Answer 15

Flavanones have a saturated C ring, while flavones have an unsaturated C ring.

Question 16

True or False: The shikimate pathway is essential for the survival of all organisms.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

What type of plant pigment are anthocyanins primarily responsible for?

Answer 17

Red, blue, and purple pigments.

Question 18

Fill in the blank: Chalcones are characterized by a __________ structure.

Answer 18

C6-C3-C6

Question 19

What is a significant health benefit associated with flavonoids?

Answer 19

Flavonoids have been linked to reduced risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer.

Question 20

Multiple choice: Which of the following is a function of flavonoids? A) Photosynthesis B) Nitrogen fixation C) Antioxidant activity D) Respiration

Answer 20

C) Antioxidant activity

Question 21

What is the primary source of flavonoids in the human diet?

Answer 21

Fruits and vegetables.

Question 22

True or False: Isoflavonoids are predominantly found in soy products.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What is the significance of flavonoid glycosides?

Answer 23

Flavonoid glycosides increase the solubility and bioavailability of flavonoids.

Question 24

Fill in the blank: The shikimate pathway involves __________ enzymatic steps.

Answer 24

seven

Question 25

What is the impact of environmental stress on flavonoid production?

Answer 25

Environmental stress can increase flavonoid production as a protective response in plants.

Question 26

Multiple choice: Which of the following is a flavanol? A) Quercetin B) Kaempferol C) Catechin D) All of the above

Answer 26

D) All of the above

Question 28

What is the shikimate pathway primarily responsible for in plants?

Answer 28

The shikimate pathway is responsible for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and various secondary metabolites.

Question 29

True or False: The shikimate pathway is found in animals.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

Name one key enzyme involved in the shikimate pathway.

Answer 30

3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase (DAHP synthase)

Question 31

Fill in the blank: The shikimate pathway starts with the condensation of phosphoenolpyruvate and _____ acid.

Answer 31

erythrose 4-phosphate

Question 32

What are flavonoids?

Answer 32

Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and are known for their antioxidant properties.

Question 33

List three subclasses of flavonoids.

Answer 33

Flavones, flavanols, chalcones

Question 34

Which flavonoid subclass includes compounds like quercetin and kaempferol?

Answer 34

Flavonols

Question 35

True or False: Chalcones are considered the basic structure from which flavonoids are derived.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

What is the primary function of anthocyanins in plants?

Answer 36

Anthocyanins primarily function as pigments that provide color to flowers and fruits, aiding in pollination and seed dispersal.

Question 37

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of flavones? A) They have a carbonyl group at C4 B) They are typically yellow pigments C) They are soluble in water D) All of the above

Answer 37

D) All of the above

Question 38

What chemical structure distinguishes flavanols from other flavonoids?

Answer 38

Flavanols possess a hydroxyl group at the C3 position of the flavan skeleton.

Question 39

Fill in the blank: The shikimate pathway is crucial for the synthesis of _____, which are essential for plant growth and development.

Answer 39

phenolic compounds

Question 40

What role do flavonoids play in plant defense mechanisms?

Answer 40

Flavonoids protect plants against UV radiation, pathogens, and herbivores.

Question 41

True or False: All flavonoids are colored compounds.

Answer 41

False

Question 42

Name a health benefit associated with flavonoid consumption in humans.

Answer 42

Flavonoids have been linked to reduced risk of chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Question 43

What is the main difference between flavones and flavanones?

Answer 43

Flavones have a double bond between C2 and C3, while flavanones have a saturated C2-C3 bond.

Question 44

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of flavonoid? A) Quercetin B) Carotenoid C) Kaempferol D) Apigenin

Answer 44

B) Carotenoid

Question 45

What is the significance of the shikimate pathway in the production of pharmaceuticals?

Answer 45

The shikimate pathway is a target for herbicides and is involved in the biosynthesis of many pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics.

Question 46

Fill in the blank: The enzyme _____ catalyzes the conversion of chorismate to prephenate in the shikimate pathway.

Answer 46

chorismate mutase

Question 47

True or False: Anthocyanins are stable at high pH levels.

Answer 47

False

Question 48

What color do anthocyanins typically impart to plants?

Answer 48

Red, blue, or purple

Question 49

Name a common source of flavonoids in the human diet.

Answer 49

Fruits and vegetables

Question 50

What is a common method for extracting flavonoids from plant material?

Answer 50

Solvent extraction

Question 51

Multiple Choice: Which subclass of flavonoids is known for its role in flower coloration? A) Flavones B) Flavanones C) Anthocyanins D) Isoflavones

Answer 51

C) Anthocyanins

Question 52

What is the effect of environmental stress on flavonoid production in plants?

Answer 52

Environmental stress can increase flavonoid production as a protective response.

Question 53

Fill in the blank: Flavonoids can act as _____ agents, scavenging free radicals in biological systems.

Answer 53

antioxidant

Question 54

True or False: Flavonoids are only found in the leaves of plants.

Answer 54

False

Question 55

What are chalcones characterized by in their chemical structure?

Answer 55

Chalcones are characterized by an open-chain structure with a phenyl group and a ketone.

Question 56

List one application of flavonoids in food science.

Answer 56

Natural food colorants or preservatives

Question 57

What is the role of flavonoids in human health?

Answer 57

Flavonoids contribute to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer effects.

Question 58

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a flavanol? A) Catechin B) Naringenin C) Luteolin D) Myricetin

Answer 58

A) Catechin

Question 59

What process do plants use to convert phenylalanine into flavonoids?

Answer 59

The phenylpropanoid pathway

Question 60

Fill in the blank: The shikimate pathway is essential for the biosynthesis of _____, which are important for secondary metabolism.

Answer 60

alkaloids

Question 61

True or False: Flavonoids can enhance the flavor of fruits.

Answer 61

True

Question 62

What is the significance of flavonoid glycosides?

Answer 62

Flavonoid glycosides are more soluble and can enhance the bioavailability of flavonoids in the body.

Question 63

Name one environmental factor that can influence flavonoid content in plants.

Answer 63

Light exposure

Question 64

What type of flavonoid is known for its anti-allergic properties?

Answer 64

Quercetin

Question 65

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a property of flavonoids? A) They are water-soluble B) They have a high melting point C) They are synthesized only in flowers D) They are all colorless

Answer 65

A) They are water-soluble

Question 66

Fill in the blank: The shikimate pathway is catalyzed by a series of _____ reactions.

Answer 66

enzymatic

Question 67

What type of bond is characteristic of the structure of flavonoids?

Answer 67

C-C and C-O bonds

Question 68

True or False: Flavonoids can be classified based on their degree of oxidation.

Answer 68

True

Question 69

What is the function of flavonoids in the interaction between plants and pollinators?

Answer 69

Flavonoids attract pollinators through their color and scent.

Question 70

What compound is formed at the end of the shikimate pathway?

Answer 70

Chorismate